A & P Exam #4

Front 1

What is the cerebrum? Gyri? Sulci? Longitudinal fissure? Their point?

Back 1

The cerebrum has two cerebral hemispheres.

Gyri=folds

Sulci=grooves

Longitudinal fissure=big sulcus b/w hemispheres

Their point is to add SURFACE AREA! :)

Front 2

Difference b/w cerebrum and cerebellum

Back 2

Cerebrum is the head = very large

Cerebellum is back of head, also in two halves

Front 3

Know where the corpus colosum is and what a brainstem is useful for

Back 3

Brainstem is crucial for survival. Corpus is an upside down C around the ear sort of

Front 4

Gray matter vs white matter

Back 4

Gray is the outer part (cortex) [dendrites, neurosomas]

White is deep in the brain [tracts:bundles of myelinated axons]

Front 5

Meninges order *on exam*

Back 5

Dura mater (outer)

Arachnoid mater (middle)

Pia mater (delicate inner layer)

Front 6

Where are the periosteal and meningeal layer located

Back 6

In the dura mater. (meningeal layer is inside inside)

Front 7

Name the *three* ventricles ****

Back 7

Lateral

Third

Fourth

Front 8

What does cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) do?

Back 8

Provide buoyancy, chemical stability, and protects. It is a clear, colorless liquid

Front 9

The brain is only ____% of body weight but receives ___% of blood and uses ____% of oxygen and glucose

Back 9

2%, 15%, 20%

Front 10

What's the purpose of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)

Back 10

Seals capillaries in brain tissue (protects from thing getting in)

Front 11

Know pg 407 diagram. Diacephalon, dula obligata, spinal cord, mid-brain, pons

Back 11

**study, will be on exam

Front 12

Medulla oblongata's important nuclei

Back 12

Cardiac center

Vasomotor center

Respiratory center

Front 13

What is the reticular formation? ***

What's its function

Back 13

Web of gray matter that runs through all levels of brainstem

Somatic motor control, cardiovascular control, pain modulation, sleep and consciousness, habituation

Front 14

What is the purpose of the cerebellum?

Back 14

Fine motor skills, vermis

Front 15

Arbor vitae vs deep nuclei

Back 15

arbor vitae is white matter

deep nuclei is gray matter

Front 16

Medulla oblongata is responsible for

Back 16

circulatory and respiratory control.

sensory and motor functions for head and neck

Front 17

pons is responsible for

Back 17

facial sensation and expression

control of chewing, respiration, and sleep

Front 18

Midbrain is responsible for

(remember two colliculus)

Back 18

red nucleus and substantial nigra for motor control

SUPERIOR colliculus for VISUAL attention

INFERIOR colliculus for AUDITORY attention

Front 19

Reticular formation is responsible for

Back 19

sleep and consciousness

varied sensory, motor, and involuntary functions

Front 20

Name the three ventricles of the diencephalon

Back 20

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Epithalamus

Front 21

Thalamus nickname

Back 21

"Gateway to the cerebral cortex"

Front 22

Hypothalamus is

Its functions are

Back 22

a major control center of autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

hormone secretion, autonomic effects, thermoregulation, food and water intake, sleep and circadian rhythms, emotional responses, and memory

Front 23

Epithalamus facts

Back 23

Pineal gland- an endocrine gland

Habenula- relay from limbic system to midbrain

Thin roof over the third ventricle

Front 24

Name some of the lobes

Back 24

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, INSULA

Front 25

What are two facts of the insula

Back 25

Deep to lateral sulcus

Taste, visceral sensation, and language

Front 26

Cerebral white matter tracts (and differences)

Back 26

Projectile tract- travel vertically to carry info

Comissural- corpus collosum is largest

Association- doesn't cross the midbrain

Front 27

Give facts about the cerebral cortex

Back 27

Surface of the hemispheres

40% mass of brain

Neocortex- six layers, "recently" evolved **

Front 28

Limbic system prominent parts

Back 28

cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, and amygdala

important functions for emotion and learning

Front 29

What is basal nuclei involved in?

Back 29

Motor control

Front 30

Name the five special senses

Back 30

Vision

Hearing

Equilibrium (balance)

Taste

Smell

Front 31

Postcentral gyrus vs Precentral gyrus

Back 31

Post = general cortex

Pre = motor cortex

Front 32

Language. What are the Wernicke area and Broca area

Back 32

Wernicke: Posterior. Recognition of written and spoken language

Broca: Inferior. Speech

Front 33

Limbic area is involved in amygdala and hippocampus which

Back 33

is for short-term memory, later solidifies

(amygdala creates emotional memories, hippocampus consolidates long-term memories)

Front 34

Remember the order of cranial nerves

Back 34

Olfactory

Optic

Oculomotor

Trochlear

Trigeminal

Abducens

Facial

Vestibulocochlear

Glossopharyngeal

Vagus

Accessory

Hypoglossal

Front 35

Olfactory is a ____

Optic nerve is a

Back 35

sensory nerve for smell

optic is for vision

Front 36

Oculomotor is a __

Trochlear nerve is a ___

Abducens nerve is a

Back 36

oculomotor, abducens, and trochlear are a nerves for eye movement

Front 37

Trigeminal nerve is for

Back 37

mixed nerve for sensation of the face and control of chewing movements

Front 38

Facial nerve is for

Back 38

a mixed nerve for sensation of taste and control of expressions, facial secretions

Front 39

Vestibulocochlear nerve is a

glossopharyngeal is a

Back 39

vest: a sensory nerve for hearing and equilibrium

gloss: a mixed nerve with diverse sensory and motor functions for head neck and thorax

Front 40

vagus nerve is

Back 40

a mixed nerve for taste, gastrointestinal sensation, and control of various organs

if cut, you die. controls heart, lungs, etc

Front 41

Accessory nerve is a

hypoglossal nerve is a

Back 41

a motor nerve for swallowing, head, neck, and shoulder movements

hypoglossal: a motor nerve controlling movements of the tongue

Front 42

Alzheimer's disease

Back 42

Recent event memory loss, reduced attention span, disorientation

Front 43

Parkinson's disease

Back 43

Degeneration of dopamine-releasing cells from substantia nigra

Front 44

General actions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Back 44

Visceral motor system responsible for reflexes. Involuntary and unconcious

Front 45

Two divisions of the ANS and what they do

Back 45

Sympathetic division: "Fight or flight," increase heart rate

Parasympathetic division: "Rest and digest," decrease heart rate

Autonomic tone: balance between both

Front 46

Preganglionic fiber vs postganglionic fiber

Back 46

Preganglionic: myelinated! Soma in brainstem or spinal cord. White communicating rami

Postganglionic: Unmyelinated. Soma in ganglion. Gray communicating rami

Front 47

Another word for sympathetic division

Back 47

Thoracolumbar division (Short preganglionic fibers, long postganglionic fibers.

Front 48

Nerve fibers leave paravertebrae ganglia in 3 rates, what are they?

Back 48

Spinal nerve route

Sympathetic nerve route

Splanchnic nerve route

Front 49

Adrenal glands. Where are they located? What are two parts?

Back 49

Located atop (superior) kidneys.

Adrenal cortex: outer part, secretes steroid hormones

Adrenal medulla: inner part, secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

Front 50

Parasympathetic Division AKA..

Back 50

Craniosacral division.

Long preganglionic fibers, short postganglionic fibers

Front 51

Name the fibers found in the cranial cavity

Back 51

CN III Oculomotor n. controls lens and pupil

CN VII Facial n. controls tear, salivary, and nasal

CN IX Glossopharyngeal n. controls salivary gland

CN X Vagus n. provides branches for heart, lungs, esophagus, and other organs

Front 52

Enteric Nervous System is known as the nervous system of the

Back 52

digestive tract

Front 53

Acetylcholine is a what fiber?

Back 53

Cholinegic

Front 54

Cells influenced by Ach have cholinergic receptors, what are they?

Back 54

Muscarinic receptors are on involuntary effectors

Nicotinic receptors are on postganglionic neurons (excititory)

Front 55

Norepinephrine (NE) has what fibers?

Back 55

Adrenergic fibers

Front 56

Cells influenced by NE have adrenergic receptors, what are they?

Back 56

alpha adrenergic: urine contractions

beta adrenergic: inhibit intestinal motility

Front 57

Dual innervation

Back 57

Most viscera contain fibers from both autonomic divisions

Divisions may have antagonistic or cooperative effects

Front 58

Define and/or describe central controls

Back 58

Autonomic output originates in CNS

Hypothalamus contains nuclei for autonomic functions including: hunger, thirst, thermoregulation, and sexual response

Front 59

Efficiency of ANS ____ in old age

Back 59

declines

Front 60

Horner syndrome

Back 60

Unilateral pupillary constriction. Sagging of eyeling and flushing of skin due to lesions in sympathetic division

Front 61

Raynaud disease

Back 61

Paleness, cyanosis, and pain in digits when cold or stresed due to excessive vasoconstriction. Common in young women

Front 62

Define what receptors detect what stimuli

Thermoreceptors

Photoreceptors

Chemoreceptors

Nociceptors

Mechanoreceptors

Back 62

temp

light

chemicals

pain

pressure or stretch

Front 63

Define the three classes of stimulus

Back 63

Exteroceptors- sense stimuli from outside of the body

Interoceptors- sense stimuli from organs within the body

Proprioceptors- regarding position of the body

Front 64

Unencapsulated nerve endings ....

Back 64

dendrites lack connective wrapping

Front 65

3 General senses

Back 65

Free nerve endings: warm receptors, cold receptors, nociceptors

Tactile discs: light touch and pressure

Hair receptors: movement of hairs

Front 66

Bulbous (Ruffini) Corpuscles are

Back 66

flat. they sense pressure, skin stretch, and JOINT MOVEMENT

Front 67

Pacinian corpuscles are

Back 67

Onionlike. Tickle and vibration

Front 68

Muscle spindles

Back 68

Fusiform, sense skeletal muscle fibers

Front 69

How many different orders do nerve fibers have for pain and name them

Back 69

3

First order, second order, and third order

Front 70

Referred pain

Back 70

Pain from the viscera mistakenly thought to come from more superficial sites (heart attack)

Front 71

Phantom pain

Back 71

Pain signals from missing limb (lost leg)

Front 72

What's gustation related to? What does it have on it and its types

Back 72

Taste!! Lingual papillae (bumps on tongue). Filiform type- numerous, tiny spikes, no buds

Fungiform- mushroom shaped bumps. Have vallate (large bumps in back of tongue)

Front 73

Define taste cells look and what it has on it

Back 73

Banana shaped, taste hairs on it. Synapse with sensory nerve

Front 74

Neural paths for taste include two parallel paths where

Back 74

Hypothalamus mediates ANS (salvate. gag)

Thalamus sends signals to cortex for conscious perception of taste

Front 75

Smell (olfaction) is the only neuron exposed to ________

Back 75

The external environment

Front 76

Olfactory mucosa is located where

Back 76

Roof of nasal cavity

Front 77

Outter ear has

Back 77

Auricle (pinna) - fleshy part of ear

Guard hairs and cerumen

Front 78

3 important parts of the middle ear

Back 78

Tympanic membrane (eardrum)

Auditory (eustachian) tube

Auditory ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes

Front 79

2 important parts of the inner ear

Back 79

Vestibule

Cochlea- snail shaped

Front 80

Cochlear duct is the organ of _____

Back 80

Hearing. it contains endolymph

Front 81

Scala vestibuli and tympani both contain what and where are they located?

Back 81

Vestibuli: Above

Tympani: Below

Both have perilymph

Front 82

Vestibular Apparatus was originally for ____, _____ develops later

Back 82

equilibrium. hearing

Front 83

Uricle and saccule each have a ____ to detect static equilibrium and linear acceleration

Back 83

macula

Front 84

Conjuctiva

Back 84

Transparent mucous membrane

Front 85

Lacrimal gland is also known as

Back 85

a tear gland. Tears travel across conjunctiva and cornea

Front 86

Lacrimal punctum is a

Back 86

small pore in eyelid

Front 87

Vitreous body (humor)

Back 87

Vitreous chamber- behind lens

Front 88

Optic nerve exits at _____

Disc is a _______ without receptors

Back 88

Optic disc

Blindspot

Front 89

Difference b/w rods and cones

Back 89

Rods: Night vision. Gray, 1 pigment

Cones: Day time. Color, 3 pigments

Front 90

Endocrine system mostly is involved with

Back 90

hormones

Front 91

What are hormones?

Back 91

Chemical messengers secreted into the bloodstream

Front 92

Endocrine vs exocrine

Back 92

Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete internally

Exocrine have ducts and are sweat

Front 93

What are neuroendocrine cells

Back 93

The two systems (endo and exo) coordinate in responses

Front 94

What are the two lobes of the pituitary

Back 94

Adenohypophysis: anterior lobe and pars tuberalis

Neurohypophysis: posterior lobe, stalk, and median eminence (nervous tissue mass)

Front 95

How many of each two types of hypothalamic hormones are there

Back 95

4 releasing hypothalamic hormone

2 inhibiting hormones

Front 96

Follicle-stimulating hormone

Back 96

Female growth of avarian follicles and secretion of estrogen. Male sperm production

Front 97

Profactin (PPL)

Back 97

Female milk synthesis

Male increased LH sensitivity and testosterone secretion

Front 98

Growth hormone

Back 98

Widespread tissue growth, especially in the stated tissues

Front 99

Posterior pituitary is.....

Back 99

secreted in the hypothalamus, stored and released by post pituitary gland

Front 100

Anterior pituitary vs posterior names

Back 100

Anterior is adenohypothesis

Posterior is neurohypothasis

Front 101

Pineal gland looks like _____ and secretes ______

Back 101

looks like a pine cone

secretes melatonin

Front 102

Thymus facts...

Back 102

Large in fetus and infants, involutes around age 14

Maturation of white blood cells

Development of lymphatic organs and T Cells such as thmopoietin, thymosin, and thymulin

Front 103

What is the largest gland in the body (in adults)

Back 103

Thyroid gland

Front 104

What hormones are in the thyroid gland? What do they do?

Back 104

TH T4 and T3. They raise the metabolic rate

Front 105

Calcitonin does what

Back 105

Decreases blood-calcium from C cells

Front 106

Parathyroid gland has ______ and is located where and has what hormone

Back 106

4 small ovoid glands and is located in the neck, usually posterior side of thyroid

Has parathyroid hormone (PTH) which is secreted by chief cells to raise calcium in blood

Front 107

What are two adrenal glands and where are they located?

Back 107

Above the kidneys.

Adrenal medulla: 10-20% of gland, central

Adrenal cortex: 80-90% of gland, outer part

Front 108

What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex?

Back 108

Zona glomerulosa: most superficial layer

Zona fasciculata: intermediate thick layer

Zona Reticularis: Deepest cortical layer

Front 109

Where's the pancreas located and what are three important islets of it?

Back 109

Below and behind the stomach

Alpha cells-glucogon causes rise in blood sugar 20%

Beta cells-insulin causes absorption of blood sugar 70%

G cells- gastrin stimulates stomach activities (acid, motility)

Front 110

Pancreatic islets ________ glucose

Back 110

regulate

Front 111

Gonads in the ovaries vs testes

Back 111

ovaries: estrogen and progesterone regulate menstrual cycle, pregnancy and inhibin inhibits FSH secretion

testes: testosterone regulates sex drive

Inhibin FSH secretion (regulates how much sperm is released)

Front 112

What glands/organs shrink with age?

Back 112

adrenal, thymus, and pineal glands all shrink in size early in life

Front 113

Ovarian decline at menopause increases risk of ______, osteoporosis, and ______

Back 113

cardiovascular disease and dementia

Front 114

What two endocrine disorders are there

Back 114

Endemic goiter: can result from hyposecretion of thyroid hormone (this increases TSH secretion and leads to hypertrophy of thyroid gland): Deficiency in iodine

Cushing syndrome: caused by cortisol hypersecretion disrupts carbohydrate and protein metabolism (loss of bone/muscle mass)

Front 115

What is a wanderer nerve

Back 115

Vagus nerve

Front 116

Does anterior or posterior cavity have a bigger mass?

Back 116

Anterior has bigger mass, posterior is nervous tissue

Front 117

What nervous system is closely related to the digestive system

Back 117

Enteric nerve