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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the function of the endocrine system |
made up of organs the produce and secrete hormones |
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why are the endocrine organs referred to as glands |
because the organs are mainly performing a secretory function |
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what are the two types of glands |
exocrine and endocrine |
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what are the exocrine glands |
they secrete their product into ducts for transport around the body |
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what are types of exocrine glands |
oil, sweat, mucous, salivary glands |
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what do endocrine glands secrete |
hormones |
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how do endocrine glands release their product |
ductluss glands, into extracellular space around the secretory cells and diffuse directly into blood stream |
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what are the primary endocrine glands |
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreass, gonads ( ovaries and testes) |
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what are the minor endocrine glands |
pineal and thymus |
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what other organs have a secondary role as endocrine glands |
pancreas, stomach, kidney, small intestine, placenta |
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function of hormones |
chemical unit that help provide control of body activities to maintain homeostasis |
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what type of cells will a hormone affect |
only the 'target' cells for that particular hormone |
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how are target cells special |
they contain special protein molecules in their plasma membrances that serve as receptors for the hormones |
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what is the main function of hormones |
to control the metabolic processes of a cell via, enzyme activity, rate of protein synthesis, rate of secretion or rate of material transport across teh plasma membrane |
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what are the two main types of hormones |
water soluble and lipid soluble |
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how to water soluble hormones enter cells |
can't enter directly through lipid plasma membrane so much attach to a receptor on the surface and cyclic AMP serves to assist this secondary messenger system |
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how does a hormone affect the cell |
a single hormone molecule triggers a single enzyme which then catalyzes hundreds of reactions, leading to a cascade of activity and amplification in the cell |
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what are main water soluble hormones |
epinephrine E norephinephrine NE antidiuretic hormone ADH oxytocin OT calcitonin CT parathyroid hormone PTH |
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what is the structure of lipid soluble hormones |
mostly a ring, steroid structure |
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how to lipid soluble hormones work on a cell |
can pass right through plasma membrane by diffusion and act directly on the cell. they activate genes to synthesize new proteins and enzymes |
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what are the main lipid soluble hormones |
aldosterone cortisol testosterone estrogen thyroxine |
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what are prostaglandins |
group of chemicals, also lipids, that stimulate or inhibit the formation of cyclic AMP which is used in secondary transport of water soluble hormones. not true hormones |
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what are the two types of hormone control |
feedback control and neural control |
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what are the two types of feedback control |
positive and negative, positive continues on until desired outcome, growing exponentially, negative has dual control in either direction so responses can be balanced |
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what does neural control affect |
only affects some glands such as adrenal medulla and secretory cells of the hypothalamus. Secrete when they receive nerve impulses |
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what is the master gland |
pituitary gland |
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what is another name for the pituitary gland |
hypophysis |
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how is pituitary connected to hypothalamus |
via infindibulum stalk |
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function of pituitary |
production and secretion of many hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction, stress etc. controls the activities of other endocrine glands |
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what are the two portions of the pituitary gland |
anterior and posterior lobes |
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what hormones are in the posterior lobe |
oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone OT and ADH |
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what are the function of the posterior lobe of pituitary gland hormones |
not produced, only stored and secreted ( hypothalamus produces) oxytocin controls ejection of milk and contraction of uterus ADH regulated the fluid balance in the body by decreasing urine output and thereby increase body fluid volume |
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what are the hormones produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary lobe |
growth hormone GH adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH melanocyte stimulating hormone MSH prolaction PRL luteinizing hormone LH follicle stimulating hormone FSH thyroid stimulating hormone TSH |
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what is the function of growth hormone |
stimulates body cells to grow and divide effects the blood sugar level via negative feedback control of glycogen/glucose cycle |
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what does hypothalamus secrete that controls what the pituitary does |
releases regulating factors that 'tell' the pituitary what hormones to release |
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what is the function of melanocyte stimulating hormone |
stimulates production of melanin ( responsible for pigmentation) |
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what is the function of prolactin |
stimulates and maintains milk secretion and production by mammary glands |
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what is the function of follicule stimulating hormone |
in females stimulate development of eggs each month in ovaries, also stimulates cells in ovaries to produce estrogens in males stimulate the production of sperm by the testes |
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what is the function of luteinizing hormone |
in females works with estrogens to stimulate release of an ovum and prepare uterus for implantation in males stimulates cells in testes to produce testosterone |
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what is the function of adrenocorticotropic hormone |
controls production and secretion of hormones released by the adrenal cortex. also influenced by stress |
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what is the function of thyroid stimulating hormone |
controls production and secretion of hormone released by the thyroid gland. body metabolic rate and level of T4 also influence this hormone |
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where is thyroid gland |
in neck in front of trachea, below larynx |
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what does it produce |
T3 triiodsthyronine T4 thyroxine T3 and T4 play important roles in metabolism and growth calcitonin - reduces calcium and phosphate levels in the blood ( narrow limits for normal nerve and muscle function and essential for mineral components of bone) |
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what is the clear fluid in the thyroid called |
colloid |
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what is parathryoid gland and what does it secrete |
four pea shaped masses of glandular epithelium on the thyroid gland. secretes parathryroid hormone with helps maintain calcium and phosphate levels in blood |
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what and where are the adrenal glands |
atop both kidneys, have two section, outer cortex (is larger) and inner medulla |
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what does the adrenal medulla secrete |
epinephrine and norephinephrine |
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what does the adrenal cortex secrete |
secrete steroid hormones that are synthesized from cholesterol |
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what are the three classes of steroids released from the adrenal cortex and their main hormones associated with these steroids |
mineralcorticoids - aldosterone - body fluid balance glucocorticoids - cortisol sex hormones - estrogens (feminizing) and androgens (masculinzing) |
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functions of pancreas |
in digestion, secretes digestive enzymes into small intestine in endocrine system, pancreas secretes hormones important in control of providing body with sufficient energy glucagon - converts glycogen to glucose insulin - converts glucose to glycogen |
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what are the names of the endocrine cells in the pancreas |
islets of Langerhans |
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what are the gonads |
in females, ovaries in males, testes they produce and secrete primary sex hormones, estrogens and testosterone |
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what is pineal gland |
secretes melatonin for cycle regulation, sleep, reprodutive, migratory |
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what is another name for the pineal gland |
epithalamus |
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what is the thymus and what does it secrete |
secretes thymosin which helps in production of t-lymphocytes ( WBC t-cells) up until puberty. gland then turns to fat. Important in immune function in mediastinum above heart |
