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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cell Theory
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-cells are the building blocks of all plants and animals
-all cells come from the division of preexisting cells -cells are the smallest unit that perform all vital physiological functions -each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level |
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Cilia
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Beat rhythmically to move fluids or secretions across the cell surface
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Cytosol
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-The fluid component of cytoplasm
-High K/ low Na -High protein -High carbohydrate/low amino acid and fat |
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Interstital fluid
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watery medium surrounding cell
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Plasma Membrane: Functions
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physical isolation, regulation of exchange w/environment,
sensitivity to environment, structural support |
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Plasma Membrane: Lipids
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-double layer of phospholipid molecules
-hydrophilic heads point toward watery environment -hydrophobic tails inside membrane |
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Plasma Membrane: Proteins Types
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-Integral proteins: w/in membrane
-Peripheral Proteins: bound to inner or outer surface of the membrane |
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Plasma membrane: Membrane proteins
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-anchoring
-recognition -enzymes -receptor -carrier -channels |
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Nonmembranous Organelles
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cytoskeleton, microvilli,centrioles,cilia, ribosomes, proteasomes
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Membranous Organelles
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-covered with plasma membrane
-isolated from cytosol -ER, Golgi, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria |
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Microvilli
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Increase surface area of the cell and enhance its ability to absorb materials from extracellular fluid
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Ribosomes
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-build polypeptieds in protein synthesis
-free ribosomes manufacture proteins for the cell itself -Fixed ribosomes moved out of the cell |
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Smooth ER
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Synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates
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Rough ER
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Modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins;
-protein and glycoprotein synthesis -folds polypeptides protein structure -encloses products in transport vesicles |
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Golgi Apparatus
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Modify and package products for exocytosis; carry enzymes to cytosol
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Lysosomes
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Breakdown of organic compounds and damaged organelles or pathogens; move enzymes w/in the cell.
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Peroxisome
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breakdown fatty acids, organic compounds; produce hydrogen peroxide; replicate by division
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Routes of bulk transport
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Exocytosis- leaving the cell
Endocytosis- entering the cell Phagocytosis- engulf cell |
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Mitochondria
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Take chemical energy from food (glucose) and produce ATP
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Nucleus
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Control of metabolism, storage & processing of genetic information, control protein synthesis; largest organelle
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Nuclear Envelope
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double membrane around the nucleus
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Nuclear pores
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passageways where chemical communication between the nucleus and cytosol take place; regulate movement of ions and molecules
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Nucleolus
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synthesize rRNA, assemble the ribosomal subunits, made of RNA, enzymes, and histones
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Chromatin
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Loosely coiled DNA (cells not dividing)
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Chromosomes
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tightly coiled DNA (cells dividing)
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Gene
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DNA instruction for one protein
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DNA
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instructions for every protein in the body
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Genetic code
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the chemical language of DNA instructions; ATCG
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Transcription
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Copies instructions from DNA to mRNA (in nucleus)
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Translation
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Ribosome reads code from mRNA; assemble amino acids into polypeptide chain
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Active transport
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requires ATP
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Passive transport
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No energy required; molecules move from an aread of higher concentration to one of lower concentration
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Diffusion
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movement of solute from a high concentration to a low concentration; Passive process.
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Osmosis
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movement of solvent from a solution w/ a lower solute concentration to a solution with a higher solute concentration through a selectively permable layer
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Tonicity
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the osmotic effect of a solute on a cell
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Hypotonic
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-has less solutes and loses water through osmosis
-a cell in a hypotonic solution gains water, ruptures |
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Hypertonic
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-has more solutes and gains water by osmosis
-a cell in a hypertonic solution loses water, shrinks |
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Isotonic
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a solution that does not cause osmotic flow of water in or out of a cell
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Interphase
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-Non dividing period
-G0- specialized cell functions only -G1- cell growth, organelle duplication, protein syntheis -S- DNA replication and histone synthesis -G2- finishes protein synthesis and centriole replication |
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Mitosis
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Divides duplicated DNA into two sets of chromosomes
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PROPHASE
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-nucleoli disappear
-centriole pairs move to cell poles -microtubules extend between centriole pairs -Nuclear envelope disappears -spindle fibers attach to kinetochore |
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METAPHASE
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-chromosomes align in a central plane (metaphase plate)
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ANAPHASE
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-microtubules pull chromosomes apart
-daughter chromosomes group near centrioles -cytokinesis begins |
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TELOPHASE
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-nuclear membranes reform
-chromosomes uncoil -nucleoli reappear -cell has 2 complete nuclei |
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Cytokinesis
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Division of cytoplasm
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Tumor
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enlarged mass of cells
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Benign tumor
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contained; not life threatening
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Malignant tumor
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spreads into surrounding tissues; starts new tumors (metastasis)
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