A & P Chapter 6--Bones And Skeletal Tissues

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made of some variety of cartilage tissue, which consists primarily of water; contains no nerves or blood vessels

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sketal cartilage

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cartilage surrounded by layer of dense irregular conncective tissue called; contains blood vessels from which nutrients diffuse through the matrix to reach cartilage cells

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perichondrium

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mode of nutrient delivery to cartilage through perichonrium limits

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cartilage thickness

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3 types of cartilage

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1) hyaline
2) fibrocartilage
3) elastic

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3 basic components of cartilage

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1) cells called chondrocytes
2) encased in small cavities called lacunae
3) surrounded by extracellular matrix

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looks like frosty glass; provides support with flexibility and resilience; most abundant skeletal cartilage

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hyaline cartilage

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contains more stretchy elastic fibers; able to stand up to repeated bending; found in external ear and epiglottis

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elastic cartilage

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great tensile strength; parallel rows of chrondrocytes alternating with thick collagen fibers; found in meniscus of knee and discs of vertebrae (for heavy pressure and stretch)

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fibrocartilage

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cartilage-forming cells in surrounding perichondrium secrete new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage tissue

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appositional growth

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lacunae-bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within

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intersitial growth

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during normal bone growth in youth and during old age calcium salts may be deposited in matrix and cause it to harden--a process called

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calcification

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forms the long axis of the body and includes bones of skull, vertebral column, rib cage; bones for protecting, supporting, or carrying other body parts

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axial skeleton

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consists of upper and lower limbs and girdles (shoulder and hip bones); bones used for locomotion and manipulate environment

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appendicular skeleton

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bones longer than wide; has shaft plus 2 ends

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long bones

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bones roughly cube shaped

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short bones

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special type of short bone that form in a tendon (patella)

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sesamoid bone

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thin, flattened bones that are usually curved (sternum, scapula)

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flat bone

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complicated shaped bones that don't fit any other class (vertebrae and hip bone)

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irregular bone

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6 functions of bones
(SuPose MomMi Blotted Trikes)

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o1) support
2) protection
3) movement
4) mineral and growth factor storage (calcium and phosphate)
5) blood cell formation
6) triglyceride (fat) storage

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blood cell formation

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hematopoiesis

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dense external layer of bone

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compact bone

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internal cancellous bone

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spongy bone

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a honeycomb of small needle-like or flat pieces called _____ (makes up spongy bone)

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trabeculae

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shaft that forms the long axis of long bone

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diaphysis

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central marrow cavity in long bone

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medullary cavity

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in adults, medullary cavity consists of

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yellow marrow cavity

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bone ends in long bone; more expanded than diaphysis

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epiphysis

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interior of epiphysis contains

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spongy bone

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joint surface of each epiphysis covered with thin layer of

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articular (hyaline) cartilage

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between diaphysis and epiphysis of adult long bone is

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epiphyseal line

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disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone

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epiphyseal (growth) plate

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external surface of entire bone except joint surfaces is covered by glistening white, double-layered membrane called

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periosteum

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outer fibrous layer of periosteum made of

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dense irregular tissue

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inner osteogenic layer abutting bone surface made of

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osteoblasts (secrete bone matrix, elements, and osteoclasts) and osteoprogenitor cells (osteogenitor cells) that give rise to osteoblasts

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stem cell in periosteum

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osteogenic cell

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matrix-synthesizing cell responsible for bone growth; bone germinators

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osteoblast

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mature bone cell that maintains bone matrix

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osteocyte

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bone-resorbing cell; bone breakers

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osteoclast

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periosteum richly supplied with

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1) nerve fibers
2) lymphatic vessels
3) blood vessels

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nerve fibers, lymphatic vessels, and blood vessels enter diaphysis through

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nutrient foramina

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peristeum secured to underlying bone by

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perforating (Sharpey's) fibers

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internal bone surfaces covered with delicate connective tissue membrane called

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endosteum

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endosteum lines

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canals that pass through compact bone; the trabeculae of spongy bone

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endosteum contains

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bone-forming and bone-destroying cells

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structure of short, irregular, and flat bones

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thin plates of periosteum-covered compact bone on outside and endosteum-covered spongy bone within

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T/F Short, irregular and flat bones contain bone marrow (between their trabeculae) but no significant marrow cavity is present

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true

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hematopoietic tissue

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red marrow

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red marrow found

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within trabecular cavities of spongy bone of long bones and diploe of flat bones

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within trabecular cavities of spongy bone of long bones and diploe of flat bones called

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red marrow cavities

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in adults, medullary cavity (containing fat) extends into epiphysis little red marrow found in spongy bone cavities; blood cells production in adult long bones mostly occurs in

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heads of femur and humerus

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T/F Red marrow in in diploe of flat bones and some irregular bones is more active in hematopoiesis than red marrow found in long bone.

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True

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bone-forming cells

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osteoblasts

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structural unit of compact bone

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osteon or Haverian system

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an elongated bylinder oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone; function as tiny weight-bearing pillars

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osteon

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each matrix tube called

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lamella

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canal running through the core of each osteon that contains small blood vessels and nerve fibers is called

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central or Haversian canal

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canal lies at right angles to the long axis of the bone and connect the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to those in the central canals and the medullary cavity

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perforating or Volkmann's canal

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maintain bone matrix; act as stress sensors

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osteocyte

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osteocytes found in

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lacunae

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hairlike canals connect the lacunae to each other and to the central canal

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canaliculi

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T/F All the lamellae in compact bone are part of the osteon.

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false

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between intact osteons are incomplete lamellae called

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interstitial lamellae

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lamellae located just deep to the periosteum and superficial to the endosteum, extend around the entire circumference of the diaphysis

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circumferential lamellae

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organic components of bone

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cells and osteoids (organic part of matrix)

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osteoid include

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ground substance (made of proteoglycans and glycoproteins) and collagen fibers

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_______ contributes to bone's structure, flexibility, and tensile strength

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organic substances

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1/3 of bone tissue is

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osteoid

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2/3 of bone tissue is

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inorganic hydroxyapatites, or mineral salts (calcium phosphates

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crystals in the extracellular matrix account for bone's

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exceptional hardness, which allows it to resist compression

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ossification AKA

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osteogenisis

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3 stages and purposes of bone growth in humans

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1) in embryos, leads to formation of bony skeleton
2) until early adulthood--bone growth
3) in adults--serves for remodeling and repair

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when bone develops from a fibrous membrane called

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membrane bone

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bone developed by replacing hyaline cartilage called

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cartilage or endochondral bone

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formations of cranial bones of skull and clavicles; mostly in flat bones

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intramembranous ossification

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ossification begins on fibrous connective tissue formed by

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mesenchymal cells

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except for clavicles and skull bones, all bones of skeleton are formed by

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endochondral ossification

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during infancy and childhood, the single most important stimulus of epiphysial plate activity is

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growth hormone

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modulates the activity of growth hormone

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thyroid hormone

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at puberty, ____ promote growth spurt

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sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone)

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hormones induce epiphyseal plate closure ending

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logitudinal bone growth

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in adult skeleton bone deposit and bone resorption together called

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bone remodling

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occurs wherever bone is injured or added bone strength is required

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bone deposit

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for optimal bone deposit, need diet of

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proteins, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin A, and several minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Manganese)

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new matrix deposits by osteocytes are marked by the presence of an

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osteoid

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accomplished by osteoclasts

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bone resorbtion

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giant multinucleate cells that arise from the same hematopoietic stem cells that differentiate into macrophages

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osteoclasts

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ruffled border of osteoclasts secretes

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1) lysosomal enzymes
2) hydrochloric acid

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digest the organic matrix

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lysosomal enzymes

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converts the calcium salts into soluble forms that pass easily in solution

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hydrochloric acid

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digested matrix transported across the osteoclast by ______ where they first enter the __________ and then the ____

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transcytosis; interstitial fluid; blood

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remodeling that continuously goes on in skeleton regulated by two

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control loops (one for Ca ion homeostasis in blood and one for responses to mechanical and gravitational forces

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____ important for transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction, blood coagulation, secretion by glands and nerve cells, and cell division

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calcium ion

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increased levels of _____ stimulates osteoclasts; released when blood levels of ionic calcium decline

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parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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lowers blood calcium levels temporarily

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calcitonin

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hormone relased by adipose tissue; plays a role in regulating bone density; inhibits osteoblasts

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leptin

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bone break

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fracture

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stages in bone healing

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1) a hematoma forms
2) fibrocartilaginous callus forms
3) bony callus forms
4) bone remodeling occurs

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term that includes a number of disorders in which the bones are inadequately mineralized; osteoid is produced, but calcium salts are not deposited so bone softens and weakens

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osteomalacia

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osteomalicia in children

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ricketts

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osteomalicia caused by insuficient

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calcium or vitamin D

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disease where bone resorbtion outpaces bone deposit

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osteoporosis

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because of a lack of regulation of estrogen, osteoporosis occurs in

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postmenopausal women

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petite body form, insufficient exercise to stress the bones, diet poor in calcium, protein, abnormal vitamin D receptors, low levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone, diabetes mellitus

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factors that contribute to osteoporosis

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drugs for osteoporosis

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vitamin D, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), Fosomax (descreases osteoclast activiy)

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characterized by excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption

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Paget's disease