A & P Chapter 5 (Integumentary System)

Front 1

2 distinct regions of skin and the subcutaneous region deep to the skin

Back 1

epidermis
dermis
hypodermis

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another name for hypodermis; consists mostly of adipose tissue; not technically part of skin

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superficial fascia

Front 3

3 functions of hypodermis

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1) insulate
2) shock absorber
3) anchors skin to underlying structures

Front 4

epidermis tissue type

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keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Front 5

4/5 layers of epidermis

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1) stratum basale
2) stratum spinosum
3) stratum granulosum
4) stratum lucidum (in thick skin)
5) stratum corneum

Front 6

4 epidermal cell types

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1) keratinocytes
2) melanocytes
3) epidermal dendritic cell (Langerhans' cells)
4) tactile cells (Merkel cells)

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the keratinized stratified squamous epithelium consisting of 4 cell types and 4/5 layers

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epithelium

Front 8

fibrous protein that helps give the epidermis its protective properties

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keratin

Front 9

location of keratinocytes

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stratum basale

Front 10

spider-shaped epithelial cells that synthesize pigment melanin

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melanocytes

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location of melanocytes

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stratum basale

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melanin granules are taken up to the superficial side of the skin by

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keratinocytes

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arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis

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epidermic dendrite cells

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epidermic dendrite cells AKA

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Langerhans' cells

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ingest foreign substances and are key activators of our immune system; slender processes extend among the surrounding keratinocytes, forming a continuous network

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epidermic dendrite cells; Langerhans' cells

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tactile cells AKA

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Merkel cells

Front 17

cells present at the epidermal-dermal junction; associated with nerve ending; sensory receptor for touch

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tactile (Merkel) cell

Front 18

thick skin special layer and location

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stratum lucidum; between stratum corneum and stratum granulosum

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layer consists of single row of stem cells, continually renewing

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stratum basale

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several layers thick; contain intermediate filaments; contain spiny-looking desmosomes

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stratum spinosum

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thin layer; 3-5 layers; process of keratinization begin

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stratum granulosum

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cells flatten and nuclei and organelles disintegrate and accumulate two types of granules

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keratinization

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consists of 2 or 3 rows of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes with indistinct boundaries

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stratum lucidum

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outermost layer; consists of 20 to 30 cell layers; accounts for 3/4 of epidermal thickness

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stratum corneum

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stratum corneum 2 functions

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protects and waterproofs

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made of strong, flexible connective tissue

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dermis

Front 27

4 cells found in the dermis

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1) fibroblasts
2) macrophages
3) mast cells (occasionally)
4) white blood cells (occasionally)

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two layers of the dermis

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1) papillary layer
2) reticular layer

Front 29

consists of areolar connective tissue, collagen and elastic fibers, and small blood vessels

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papillary layer

Front 30

indent the overlying epidermis

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dermal papillae

Front 31

most dermal papillae contain

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1) capillary loops
2) free nerve endings (pain receptors)
3) touch receptors

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touch receptors AKA

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Meissner's corpuscle

Front 33

on hands and feet papillae lie in mounds called

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dermal ridges

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collectively skin ridges are called

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friction ridges

Front 35

genetically determined; sweat pores result in leaving these marks

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fingerprints

Front 36

accounts for 80% of the dermis; deepest layer of the dermis

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reticular layer

Front 37

collagen fibers mostly run ______ to skin surface

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parallel

Front 38

separation (less dense bundles of collagen fibers) between these bundles externally invisible lines run longitudinally in the skin of head and limbs and in circular patterns around neck and trunk

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cleavage lines or tension lines

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incision heals more readily when incision made ______ to cleavage lines

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parallel

Front 40

fibers that give the dermis skin strength and resiliency

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collagen fibers

Front 41

fibers that provide stretch-recoil properties of the skin

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elastic fibers

Front 42

dermal folds occur at or near joints; deep creases form

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flexure line

Front 43

3 pigments that contribute to skin color

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1) melanin
2) carotene
3) hemoglobin

Front 44

pigment color ranges from yellow to tan to reddish-brown to black

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melanin

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synthesis of this pigment depends on enzyme in melanocytes; passes from melanobytes to basal keratinocytes

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melanin

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local accumulations of melanin

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freckles and pigmented nevi (moles)

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yellow to orange pigment most obvious in palms and soles

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carotene

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pinkish hue of fair skin result of this pigment

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hemoglobin

Front 49

5 skin appendages

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1) nails
2) sweat glands
3) sebaceous (oil) glands
4) hair follicles
5) hair

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key component in forming skin appendages

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epithelial bud

Front 51

sweat glands AKA

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sudoriferous glands

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T/F Sweat glands are distributed over the entire skin surface except nipples and parts of external genitalia.

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true

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eccrine sweat glands AKA

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merocrine sweat glands

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glands more numerous and abundant in palms, soles of feet, and forehead

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eccrine sweat glands

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secretory part of eccrine sweat gland lies coiled in dermis and duct extends to open in a funnel-shaped ____ at skin surface

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pore

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sweat consists of (W2DAVS)

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1) 99% water
2) some salts (mostly NaCl)
3) vitamin C
4) antibodies
5) dermcidin
6) metabolic wastes

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microbe-killing peptide found in sweat

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dermcidin

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sweating regulated by

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sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system

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major role of sweat

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thermoregulation of the body

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sweat glands confined to axillary and anogenital areas of body

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apocrine sweat glands

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apocrine sweat glands located

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deeper in dermis than eccrine sweat glands or in hypodermis

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apocrine sweat glands' ducts empty into _____ _______

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hair follicles

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components of apocrine secretion

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same as eccrine + fatty substances and proteins

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apocrine glands begin functioning

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at puberty

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modified apocrine glands found in the lining of the external ear canal

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ceruminous glands

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specialized sweat glands that secrete milk

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mammary glands

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simple, branched alveolar glands found all over body except thick skin; small on body, but large on face, neck, and upper chest

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sebaceous (oil) glands

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oil glands secrete an oil-filled substance called

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sebum

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cells accumulate oily lipids until they burst--_____ gland

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holocrine gland

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sebaceous glands develop from

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hair follicle

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what softens and lubricates the skin

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sebum

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most important role for sebum

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bactericidal (bacteria-killing)

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T/F Sebaceous glands are relatively inactive until puberty

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true

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Hairs are distribuited over entire skin surface except

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palms, soles, lips, nipples, parts of external genitalia

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main function of hair in humans

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sense insects

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hair on scalp guards against

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physical trauma, heat loss, and sunlight

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hair AKA

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pili

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hair largely consists of

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dead, keratinized cells

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hard keratin in hair advantages over soft keratin in epidermal cells

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1) tougher and more durable
2) individual cells don't flake off

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3 layers of keratinized cells in hair

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1) central core--medulla
2) cortex
3) cuticle

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hair pigment made by

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melanocytes

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red hair colored by iron-containing pigment called

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trichosiderin

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grey or white hair results from

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decreased melanin production

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responsible for producing goose bumps in cold or fear

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arrector pili muscle

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body of hair of children and adult females is pale, fine hair called

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vellus hair

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coarse, longer hair of eyebrows, pubic area, male face chest

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terminal hair

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each hair follicle goes 3 phases

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1) growth phase--weeks to years
2) regressive phase--hair matrix dies
3) resting phase--1-3 months

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life span of hair under control of

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proteins

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follicles of scalp remain active for

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6-10 years til become inactive for few months

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follicles of eyebrow remain active for

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3-4 months

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thinning or degree of baldness

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alopecia

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true baldness caused by genetically determined sex-influenced condition

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male pattern baldness

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gene for male pattern baldness switches on in adulthood and changes response of hair follicles

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DHT

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3 types of barriers of skin

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1) chemical
2) physical
3) biological

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low pH of skin secretions slows multiplication of bacteria

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acid mantle

Front 96

biological barriers of skin include (3)

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1) dendritic cells of epidermis
2) macrophages of dermis
3) DNA

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6 functions of integumentary system (BMBEPC)

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1) body temperature regulation
2) metabolic function
3) blood reservoir
4) excretion
5) protection
6) cutaneous sensation

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3 cutaneous sensory receptors

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1) messner's corpuscles
2) tactile discs
3) pacinian corpuscles

Front 99

______in dermal papillae and ______ allow us to become aware of feeling of our clothing on our skin

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meissner's corpuscles; tactile discs

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in deeper dermis and hypodermis alert to deep pressure

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pacinian corpuscles

Front 101

when sunlight bombards the skin, modified cholesterol molecules circulating through dermal blood vessels are converted to

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vitamin D

Front 102

protein produced by skin cells and aids in natural turnover of collagen (deters wrinkles)

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collagenase

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dermal vascular supply can hold ___% of body's entire blood volume

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5%

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skin excretes

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nitrogen-containing wastes (ammonia, urea, uric acid), water and salt

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T/F Most of the tumors in the body are not benign and spread to other areas of the body

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false

Front 106

2 risk factors for skin cancer

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1) overexposure to UV rays
2) frequent irratations of the skin

Front 107

least malignant of skin cancer; full surgical excision is used; accounts for nearly 80% of skin cancer

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basal cell carcinoma

Front 108

second most common type of skin cancer arises from keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum

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sqamous cell carcinoma

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most dangerous skin cancer; highly meastatic; surgical incision followed by immunotherapy

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melanoma

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ABCD rule for recognizing melanoma

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Assymetry
Border irregularity
Color
Diameter

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burn where only the epidermis is damaged

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first-degree burn

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burn injuring the epidermis and upper region of the dermis

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second-degree burn

Front 113

full thickness burn involving entire thickness of skin

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third-degree burn

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epidermis develops from

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embryonic ectoderm

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dermis and hypodermis develop from

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mesoderm

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scaling and various kinds skin inflammation

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dermatitis

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in older age rate of _________ slows and skin ________, making bruising easier

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epidermal cell replacement; thins