A & P Chapter 3 "cells"

Front 1

(1) Membrane transport processes for which ATP is required, e.g., solute pumping and endocytosis (2) also refers specifically to solute pumping.

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Active (transport) processes

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The three-base sequence complementary to the messenger RNA (mRNA) codon.

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Anticodon

Front 3

A transmembrane protein that changes shape to envelop and transport a polar susbstance across the cell membrane

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Carrier

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Minute body found near the nucleus of the cell; active in cell division

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Centriole

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A region near the nucleus which contains paired organelles called centrioles.

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Centrosome (cell center)

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A transmembrane protein that forms an aqueous pore, allowing substances to move from one side of the membrane to the other.

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Channel

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Structures in the nucleus that carry the hereditary factors (genes)

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Chromatin

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Barlike bodies of tightly coiled chromatinl visible during cell division.

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Chromosomes

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Any cavity or enclosed space serving as a reservoir.

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Cisternae

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The three base sequence on a messenger RNA molecule that provides the genetic information used in protein synthesis; code for a given amino acid.

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Codon

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The three base sequence on a messenger RNA molecule that provides the genetic information used in protein synthesis; code for a given amino acid.

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Codon

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The difference in the concentration of a particular substance beween two different areas.

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Concentration gradient

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The division of cytoplasm that occurs after the nucleus has divided.

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Cytokinesis

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The cellular material surrounding the nucleus and enclosed by the plasma membrane.

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Cytoplasm

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Viscous, semitransparent fluid substance of cytoplasm in which other elements are suspended.

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Cytosol

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The spreading of particles in a gas or solution with a movement toward uniform distribution of particles; driven by kinetic energy.

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Diffusion

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Process that occurs before cell division; ensures that all daughter cells have identical genes.

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DNA replication

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The combined difference in concentration and charge; influences the distribution and direction of diffusion of ions.

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Electrochemical gradient

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Means by which fairly large extracellular molecules or particles enter cells, e.g., phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis.

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Endocytosis

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Membranous network of tubular or saclike channels in the cytoplasm of a cell.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

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Mechanism by which substances are moved from the cell interior to the extracellular space as a secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane.

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Exocytosis

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Amino acid-specifying information sequences (separated by introns) in the genes of higher organisms

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Exons

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Passage of a solvent and dissolved substances through a membrane or filter.

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Filtration

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One of the biological units of heredity located in chromatin; transmits hereditary information.

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Gene

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Refers to the rules by which the base sequence of a DNA gene is translated into protein structures (amino acid sequences)

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Genetic Code

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A lipid with one or more covalently attached sugars.

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Glycolipid

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Refers to molecules, or portions of molecules, that interact with water and charged particles.

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Hydrophiliac

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Refers to molecules, or portions of molecules, that interact only with nonpolar molecules

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Hydrophobic

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Accelerated growth, e.g., in anemia, the bone marrow produces red blood cells at a faster rate.

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Hyperplasia

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Excessive, above normal, tone or tension

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Hypertonic

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Increase in the size of a tissue or organ independent of the body's general growth.

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Hypertrophy

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Below normal tone or tension

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Hypotonic

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Fluid between the cells.

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Interstitial fluid

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Fluid within a cell

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Intracellular fluid (ICF)

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Noncoding segment or portion of DNA that ranges from 60-10,000 nucleotides long.

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Intron

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A solution with a concentration of nonpenetrating solutes equal to that found in the reference cell.

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Isotonic solution

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Signaling chemicals that bind specifically to membrane receptors.

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Ligands

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Organelles that originate from the Golgi apparatus and contain strong digestive enzymes.

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Lysosomes

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A large, diverse gr9oup or integral proteins and glycoproteins that serve as binding sites for signaling molecules.

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Membrane receptors

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Long nucleotide strands that reflect the exacy nucleotide sequences of the genetically active DNA and carry the message of the latter.

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Messenger RNA (mRNA)

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Thin strands of the contractile protein actin.

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Microfilaments

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Tiny projections on the free surface of some epithelial cells; increase surface area for absorption.

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Microvilli

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Cytoplasmic organelles responsible for ATP generation for cellular activities

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Mitochondria

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The double membrane barrier of a cell nucleus

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Nuclear envelope

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Dense spherical bodies in the cell nucleus involved with ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis and ribosomal subunit activity.

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Nucleoli

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Fundamental unit of chromatin; consists of a strand of DNA wound around a cluster or eight histone proteins.

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Nucleosome

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(1) Control center of a cell; contains genetic material; (2) clusters of nerve cell bodies in the CNS.

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Nucleus

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Small cellular structures (ribosomes, mitochondria and others) that perform specific metabolic functions for the cell as a whole

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Organelle

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The number of solute particles present in 1 liter if a solution.

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Osmolarity

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Diffusion of a solvent through a membrane from one dilute substance into a more concentrated on.

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Osmosis

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A measure of the tendency of water to move into a more concentrated solution.

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Osmotic pressure

Front 52

Membrane transport processes that do not require cellular energy (ATP), e.g., diffusion which is driven by kinetic energy.

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Passive (transport) processes

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Progressive, wave-like contractions that more foodstuffs through the alimentary tube organs (or that move other substances through other hollow body organs).

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Peristalsis

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The property of membranes that permits passage of molecules and ions.

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Permeability

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Engulfing of foreign solids by (phagocytic) cells.

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Phagocytosis

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Vesicle formed as a result of phagocytosis

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Phagosome

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Engulfing of extracellular fluid by cells.

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Pinocytosis

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Membrane, composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, and protein, that encloses cell contents.

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Plasma membrane

Front 59

A type of active transport in which the energy needed to drive the transport process is provided directly by hydrolysis of ATP

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Primary Active Transport

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One of three types of endocytosis in which engulfed particles attach to receptors before endocytosis occurs.

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Receptor-mediated endocytosis

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A constituent of ribosome; exists within the ribosomes of cytoplasm and assists in protein synthesis

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Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized

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Ribosomes

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Vesicles that migrate to the plasma membrane of a cell and discharge their contents from the cell by exocytosis.

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Secretory Vesicles

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A membrae that allows certain substances to pass while restricting the movement of others

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Selectively permeable membrane

Front 65

The unassisted transport across a plasma membrane of a lipid-soluble or very small particle.

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Simple diffusion

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Enzyme-like protein carrier that mediates active transport of solutes such as amino acids and ions uphill against their concentration gradients

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Solute pump

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A measure of the ability of a solution to cause a change in the cell shape or tone by promoting osmotic flows of water.

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Tonicity

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Short-chain RNA molecules that transfer amino acids to the ribosome.

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Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Front 69

On of the two major steps in the transfer of genetic code information, in which the information carried by mRNA is decoded and used to assemble polypeptides.

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Translation

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A small liquid-filled sac or bladder.

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Vesicle

Front 71

The movement of large particles and macromolecules across a plasma membrane.

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Vesicular (bulk) transport

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One of three types of rods in the spherical protein that determine that cell shape as well as the distribution of cellular organelles

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Microtubules

Front 73

One of the two major steps in the transfer of genetic code information from a DNA base sequence to the complementary base sequent ce of an mRNA molecule

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Transcription

Front 74

Intracellular molecule generated by the binding of a chemical (hormone or neurotransmitter) to a plasma membrane receptor; mediates intracellular responses to the chemical messenger.

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Second Messenger

Front 75

Passive transport process used by certain molecules, e.g., glucose and other simple sugars too large to pass through plasma membrane pores. Involves movement through channels or movement facilitated by a a membrane carrier.

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Facilitated Diffusion

Front 76

Membranous system close to the cell nucleus that packages protein secretions for export, packages enzymes into lysosomes for cellular use, and modifies proteins destined to become part of cellular membranes.

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Golgi apparatus

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An elaborate series of rods running through the cytosol, supporting cellular structures and providing the machinery to generate various cell movements.

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Cytoskeleton

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A solution that is more dilute (containing fewer nonpenetrating solutes) than the reference cell.

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Hypotonic Solution

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A solution that has a higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than the reference cell; having greater osmotic pressure than the reference solution (blood plasma or interstitial fluid)

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Hypertonic Solution

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Membranous sacs in cytoplasm containing powerful oxidase enzymes that use molecular oxygen to detoxify harmful or toxic substances, such as free radicles.

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Peroxisomes