A & P Chapter 3 "cells"

Front 1

(1) Membrane transport processes for which ATP is required, e.g., solute pumping and endocytosis (2) also refers specifically to solute pumping.

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Active (transport) processes

Front 2

The flowing movement of the cytoplasm of a phagocyte.

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Amoeboid motion

Front 3

Third stage of mitosis, meiosis I, and meiosis II in which daughter chromosomes move toward each pole of a cell.

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Anaphase

Front 4

The three-base sequence complementary to the messenger RNA (mRNA) codon.

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Anticodon

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A cell without a nucleus

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Anucleate cell

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A process of controlled cellular suicide; eliminates cells that are unneeded, stressed, or aged.

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Apoptosis

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Transmembrane proteins that form water channels.

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Aquaporins

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Reduction in size or wasting away of an organ or cell resulting from disease or lack of use.

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Atrophy

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Process od autodigestion (self-digestion) or cells, especially dead or degenerate cells.

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Autolysis

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An organelle structurally identical to a centriole and forming the base of a cilium or flagellum.

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Basal Body

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A transmembrane protein that changes shape to envelop and transport a polar susbstance across the cell membrane

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Carrier

Front 12

Structural unit of all living things.

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Cell

Front 13

The development of specific and distinctive features in cells, from a single cell (the fertilized egg) to all the specialized cells of adulthood.

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Cell differentiation

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Series of changes a cell goes through from the time it is formed until it reproduces itself.

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Cell life cycle

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Membrane, composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins, that encloses cell contents

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Cell membrane

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Minute body found near the nucleus of the cell; active in cell division

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Centriole

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A region near the nucleus which contains paired organelles called centrioles.

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Centrosome (cell center)

Front 18

A transmembrane protein that forms an aqueous pore, allowing substances to move from one side of the membrane to the other.

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Channel

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Structures in the nucleus that carry the hereditary factors (genes)

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Chromatin

Front 20

Barlike bodies of tightly coiled chromatinl visible during cell division.

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Chromosomes

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Tiny, hairlike projections on cell surfaces that move in a wavelike manner.

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Cilia

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Any cavity or enclosed space serving as a reservoir.

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Cisternae

Front 23

The three base sequence on a messenger RNA molecule that provides the genetic information used in protein synthesis; code for a given amino acid.

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Codon

Front 24

The three base sequence on a messenger RNA molecule that provides the genetic information used in protein synthesis; code for a given amino acid.

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Codon

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The difference in the concentration of a particular substance beween two different areas.

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Concentration gradient

Front 26

The division of cytoplasm that occurs after the nucleus has divided.

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Cytokinesis

Front 27

The cellular material surrounding the nucleus and enclosed by the plasma membrane.

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Cytoplasm

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Viscous, semitransparent fluid substance of cytoplasm in which other elements are suspended.

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Cytosol

Front 29

Cell junction composed of thickened plasma membranes joined by filaments.

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Desmosome

Front 30

Diffusion of solute(s) through a semipermeable membrane.

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Dialysis

Front 31

The spreading of particles in a gas or solution with a movement toward uniform distribution of particles; driven by kinetic energy.

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Diffusion

Front 32

Process that occurs before cell division; ensures that all daughter cells have identical genes.

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DNA replication

Front 33

The combined difference in concentration and charge; influences the distribution and direction of diffusion of ions.

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Electrochemical gradient

Front 34

Means by which fairly large extracellular molecules or particles enter cells, e.g., phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis.

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Endocytosis

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Membranous network of tubular or saclike channels in the cytoplasm of a cell.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Front 36

Mechanism by which substances are moved from the cell interior to the extracellular space as a secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane.

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Exocytosis

Front 37

Amino acid-specifying information sequences (separated by introns) in the genes of higher organisms

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Exons

Front 38

Passage of a solvent and dissolved substances through a membrane or filter.

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Filtration

Front 39

Long, whiplike cellular extension containing microtubules; propels sperm and some singled celled eukaryotes.

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Flagellum

Front 40

A depiction of the structure of the membranes of a cell as phospholipid bilayers in which proteins are dispersed.

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Fluid Mosaic Model

Front 41

Highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons that can scramble the structure of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

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Free Radicals

Front 42

A passageway between two adjacent cells; formed by transmembrane proteins called connexons.

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Gap Junction

Front 43

One of the biological units of heredity located in chromatin; transmits hereditary information.

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Gene

Front 44

Refers to the rules by which the base sequence of a DNA gene is translated into protein structures (amino acid sequences)

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Genetic Code

Front 45

A lipid with one or more covalently attached sugars.

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Glycolipid

Front 46

Refers to molecules, or portions of molecules, that interact with water and charged particles.

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Hydrophiliac

Front 47

Refers to molecules, or portions of molecules, that interact only with nonpolar molecules

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Hydrophobic

Front 48

Accelerated growth, e.g., in anemia, the bone marrow produces red blood cells at a faster rate.

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Hyperplasia

Front 49

Excessive, above normal, tone or tension

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Hypertonic

Front 50

Increase in the size of a tissue or organ independent of the body's general growth.

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Hypertrophy

Front 51

Below normal tone or tension

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Hypotonic

Front 52

One of the major periods in the cell life cycle; includes the period from cell formation cell cell division.

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Interphase

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Fluid between the cells.

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Interstitial fluid

Front 54

Fluid within a cell

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Intracellular fluid (ICF)

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Noncoding segment or portion of DNA that ranges from 60-10,000 nucleotides long.

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Intron

Front 56

A solution with a concentration of nonpenetrating solutes equal to that found in the reference cell.

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Isotonic solution

Front 57

Signaling chemicals that bind specifically to membrane receptors.

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Ligands

Front 58

Organelles that originate from the Golgi apparatus and contain strong digestive enzymes.

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Lysosomes

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Voltage across the plasma membrane.

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Membrane potential

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A large, diverse gr9oup or integral proteins and glycoproteins that serve as binding sites for signaling molecules.

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Membrane receptors

Front 61

Long nucleotide strands that reflect the exacy nucleotide sequences of the genetically active DNA and carry the message of the latter.

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Messenger RNA (mRNA)

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Second stage of mitosis

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Metaphase

Front 63

Thin strands of the contractile protein actin.

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Microfilaments

Front 64

Tiny projections on the free surface of some epithelial cells; increase surface area for absorption.

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Microvilli

Front 65

Cytoplasmic organelles responsible for ATP generation for cellular activities

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Mitochondria

Front 66

Process during which the chromosomes are redistributed to two daughter nuclei; nuclear division. Consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

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Mitosis

Front 67

One of the major periods in the cell life cycle; involves the division of the nucleus (mitosis) and the division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis)

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Mitotic (M) phase

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Cell with more than one nucleus, e.g., skeletal muscle cells, osteoclasts

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Multinucleate cell

Front 69

Death or disintegration of a cell or tissues caused by disease or injury.

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Necrosis

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The double membrane barrier of a cell nucleus

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Nuclear envelope

Front 71

Dense spherical bodies in the cell nucleus involved with ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis and ribosomal subunit activity.

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Nucleoli

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Fundamental unit of chromatin; consists of a strand of DNA wound around a cluster or eight histone proteins.

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Nucleosome

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(1) Control center of a cell; contains genetic material; (2) clusters of nerve cell bodies in the CNS.

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Nucleus

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Small cellular structures (ribosomes, mitochondria and others) that perform specific metabolic functions for the cell as a whole

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Organelle

Front 75

The number of solute particles present in 1 liter if a solution.

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Osmolarity

Front 76

Diffusion of a solvent through a membrane from one dilute substance into a more concentrated on.

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Osmosis

Front 77

A measure of the tendency of water to move into a more concentrated solution.

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Osmotic pressure

Front 78

Membrane transport processes that do not require cellular energy (ATP), e.g., diffusion which is driven by kinetic energy.

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Passive (transport) processes

Front 79

Progressive, wave-like contractions that more foodstuffs through the alimentary tube organs (or that move other substances through other hollow body organs).

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Peristalsis

Front 80

The property of membranes that permits passage of molecules and ions.

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Permeability

Front 81

Engulfing of foreign solids by (phagocytic) cells.

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Phagocytosis

Front 82

Vesicle formed as a result of phagocytosis

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Phagosome

Front 83

Engulfing of extracellular fluid by cells.

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Pinocytosis

Front 84

Membrane, composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, and protein, that encloses cell contents.

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Plasma membrane

Front 85

Difference in pressure (hydrostatic or osmotic) that drives movement of fluid.

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Pressure Gradient

Front 86

A type of active transport in which the energy needed to drive the transport process is provided directly by hydrolysis of ATP

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Primary Active Transport

Front 87

One of three types of endocytosis in which engulfed particles attach to receptors before endocytosis occurs.

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Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Front 88

A constituent of ribosome; exists within the ribosomes of cytoplasm and assists in protein synthesis

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Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Front 89

Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized

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Ribosomes

Front 90

The part of the interphase period of the cell lify cycle in which DNA replicates itself, ensuring that the two future cells will receive identical copies of genetic material.

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S (synthetic) phase

Front 91

Vesicles that migrate to the plasma membrane of a cell and discharge their contents from the cell by exocytosis.

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Secretory Vesicles

Front 92

A membrae that allows certain substances to pass while restricting the movement of others

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Selectively permeable membrane

Front 93

A short peptide segment present in a protein being synthesized that causes the assicoated ribosome to attach to the membrane of rough ER.

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Signal sequence

Front 94

The unassisted transport across a plasma membrane of a lipid-soluble or very small particle.

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Simple diffusion

Front 95

Enzyme-like protein carrier that mediates active transport of solutes such as amino acids and ions uphill against their concentration gradients

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Solute pump

Front 96

The final phase of mitosis; begins when migration of chromosomes to the poles of the cell has been completed and ends with the formaton of two daughter nuclei.

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Telophase

Front 97

Area where fused plasma membrane of adjacent cells are fused.

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Tight Junction

Front 98

A measure of the ability of a solution to cause a change in the cell shape or tone by promoting osmotic flows of water.

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Tonicity

Front 99

Short-chain RNA molecules that transfer amino acids to the ribosome.

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Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Front 100

On of the two major steps in the transfer of genetic code information, in which the information carried by mRNA is decoded and used to assemble polypeptides.

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Translation

Front 101

A small liquid-filled sac or bladder.

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Vesicle

Front 102

The movement of large particles and macromolecules across a plasma membrane.

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Vesicular (bulk) transport

Front 103

One of three types of rods in the spherical protein that determine that cell shape as well as the distribution of cellular organelles

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Microtubules

Front 104

One of the two major steps in the transfer of genetic code information from a DNA base sequence to the complementary base sequent ce of an mRNA molecule

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Transcription

Front 105

Intracellular molecule generated by the binding of a chemical (hormone or neurotransmitter) to a plasma membrane receptor; mediates intracellular responses to the chemical messenger.

Back 105

Second Messenger

Front 106

Passive transport process used by certain molecules, e.g., glucose and other simple sugars too large to pass through plasma membrane pores. Involves movement through channels or movement facilitated by a a membrane carrier.

Back 106

Facilitated Diffusion

Front 107

Membranous system close to the cell nucleus that packages protein secretions for export, packages enzymes into lysosomes for cellular use, and modifies proteins destined to become part of cellular membranes.

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Golgi apparatus

Front 108

An elaborate series of rods running through the cytosol, supporting cellular structures and providing the machinery to generate various cell movements.

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Cytoskeleton

Front 109

Intracellular second messenger that mediates the effects of the first (extracellular) messenger (hormone or neurotransmitter); formed from ATP by a plasma membrane enzyme (adenylate cyclase)

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Cyclic AMP

Front 110

A layer of externally facing glocoproteins on a cell's plasma membrane that determines blood type; involved in the cellular interactions of fertilization, embryonic development, and immunity, acts as an adhesive between cells.

Back 110

Glycocalyx (cell coat)

Front 111

Protein that relays signals between extracellular first messengers (hormones or neurotransmitters) and intracellular second messengers (such as cyclic AMP) via an effector enzyme.

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G protein

Front 112

A solution that is more dilute (containing fewer nonpenetrating solutes) than the reference cell.

Back 112

Hypotonic Solution

Front 113

A solution that has a higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than the reference cell; having greater osmotic pressure than the reference solution (blood plasma or interstitial fluid)

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Hypertonic Solution

Front 114

Membranous sacs in cytoplasm containing powerful oxidase enzymes that use molecular oxygen to detoxify harmful or toxic substances, such as free radicles.

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Peroxisomes

Front 115

State of plasma membrane of an unstimlated neuron or muscle cell in which the inside of the cell is relatively negative in comparison to the outside; the resting state

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Polarized

Front 116

The first stage of mitosis, consisting of coiling of the chormosomes accompanied by migration of the two daughter centrioles toward the poles of the cell, and nuclear membrane breakdown.

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Prophase