A & P Chap 3

Front 1

Use specific examples to illustrate how cells vary in size

Back 1

Nerve cells have long, threadlike extensions to transmit impulses. Epithelial cells are smaller and flattened for gas exchange. Muscle cells are slender and rod-like.

Front 2

Describe how the shapes of nerve cells are well suited to their functions.

Back 2

Nerve cells are long with threadlike extensions that can be used to transmit motor or sensory information.

Front 3

Describe how the shapes of epithelial cells are well suited to their functions.

Back 3

Epithelial cells, specifically simple squamous, are thin and flattened for gas exchange.

Front 4

Describe how the shapes of muscle cells are well suited to their functions.

Back 4

Muscle cells are slender and rod-like which contract to move parts of the body

Front 5

Name the major components of a cell, and describe how they interact.

Back 5

The two major components are the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The nucleus is the innermost part and controls the overall activities of a cell. The cytoplasm is a mass of fluid that surrounds the nucleus and is enclosed by the cell membrane. It holds the organelles.

Front 6

Discuss the structure and functions of a cell membrane

Back 6

The basic structure of the cell membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer. It contains embedded protein molecules. It functions to keep the inner portion of the cell intact. It controls the entrance and exit of substances.

Front 7

How do cilia molecules move cells?

Back 7

Cilia, small hair like projections that occur in groups, move together in a uniform, wavelike motion. This is used to propel substances along to a certain destination. An example is the uterine tube where the cilia move the egg from the ovary to the uterus.

Front 8

How do flagella molecules move cells?

Back 8

Flagella, which occur singularly, have a whip-like motion to propel the object forward. An example is the sperm cell moving up the vagina toward the cervix.

Front 9

How do cell adhesion molecules move cells?

Back 9

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMS) occur on the cell membrane. The resulting interactions can slow the cell and allow it to move in certain ways.

Front 10

Distinguish between organelles and inclusions

Back 10

An organelle is a structure within the cytoplasm that has a specific function. Inclusions are masses of lifeless chemicals such as pigments or glycogen.

Front 11

Selectively permeable

Back 11

the cell membrane allows some substances to pass through easily while excluding other substances.

Front 12

Describe the chemical structure of a membrane.

Back 12

The basic framework consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins throughout.

Front 13

Explain how the structure of a cell membrane determines which types of substances it is permeable to.

Back 13

As the cell membrane is comprised chiefly of fatty acid portions of the phospholipid molecule, it allows
substances that are soluble in lipids to pass through easily. It is impermeable to water soluble molecules.

Front 14

Explain the function of membrane proteins.

Back 14

The functions of membrane proteins include acting as a receptor to combine with a specific substance such as a hormone, while some form narrow passageways, or channels, through which various molecules and ions can cross the cell membrane. Others function as enzymes in signal transduction.

Front 15

Describe three kinds of intercellular junctions.

Back 15

Tight junctions –The membranes of adjacent cells converge and fuse. The area of fusion surrounds the cell like a belt. This then closes the junction between cells. These are the types of junction found in the lining of the digestive tract.
Desmosome –This is where rivets or “spot welds” are placed between adjacent skin cells.
Gap junctions –This is where tubular channels interconnect the membranes of certain cells.

Front 16

PEROXISOMES

Back 16

Membranous sacs filled with oxidase enzymes (catalase)
detoxification of harmful substances (i.e. ethanol, drugs, etc.)

Front 17

CENTROSOMES

Back 17

paired cylinders of microtubules at right angles near nucleus

aid in chromosome movement during mitosis

Front 18

CILIA

Back 18

short, eyelash extensions;human trachea & fallopian tube

to allow for passage of substances through passageways

Front 19

FLAGELLA

Back 19

long, tail-like extension; human sperm

locomotion

Front 20

MICROVILLI

Back 20

microscopic ruffling of cell membrane

increase surface area

Front 21

CYTOSKELETON

Back 21

Protein strands that makeup cellular frame

Provide shape of cell, locomotion

Front 22

OTHER STRUCTURES

Back 22

Accumulations of substances

storage

Front 23

NUCLEUS

Back 23

Central control center of cell; bound by lipid bilayer membrane; contains chromatin (loosely coiled DNA and proteins)

controls all cellular activity by directing protein synthesis (i.e. instructing the cell what proteins/enzymes to make).

Front 24

NUCLEOLUS

Back 24

dense spherical body(ies) within nucleus; RNA & protein

Ribosome synthesis

Front 25

CHROMATIN

Back 25

DNA wrapped in protein forming nucleosomes

Protection of genetic material

Front 26

INTERPHASE

Back 26

Cell is growing and duplicates (replicates) centrioles during G1, replicates DNA during S phase;DNA appears as chromatin in nucleus.

Front 27

PROPHASE

Back 27

Distinct chromosomes become apparent (i.e. sister chromatids held together by a centromere);Centrioles migrate to opposite poles of cell and spindle fibers form between them;nucleolus disintegrates;nuclear envelope disintegrates

Front 28

METAPHASE

Back 28

Chromosomes line up in an orderly fashion in the middle of the cell (on metaphase plate);Each centromere holding chromatids of the chromosome together attaches to a spindle fiber.

Front 29

ANAPHASE

Back 29

The centromere holding the chromosome together splits;Resulting chromosomes migrate toward opposite poles of the cell being pulled by spindle fibers;Cytokinesis begins.

Front 30

TELOPHASE

Back 30

Cleavage furrow between daughter cells is apparent (i.e. dumb-bell shaped);Chromosomes complete migration to poles;Nuclear envelope & nucleolus reappear;Cytokinesis is completed

Front 31

STEM AND PROGENITOR CELLS

Back 31

Allow for continued growth and renewal of cells

Front 32

Stem cell

Back 32

divide by mitosis

may partially specialize producing a

Front 33

Progenitor cell

Back 33

committed to a specific cell line
· epithelial
· connective
· muscle
· nervous

Front 34

Totipotent

Back 34

can become every cell type

Front 35

Pluripotent

Back 35

can become many cell types, but not all

Front 36

Differentiation

Back 36

process of specializing cell types; occurs due to gene activation

Front 37

CELL MEMBRANE

Back 37

Bilayer of phospholipids with proteins dispersed throughout

cell boundary; selectively permeable (i.e. controls what enters and leaves the cell; membrane transport)

Front 38

CYTOPLASM

Back 38

jelly-like fluid (70% water)
suspends organelles in cell

Front 39

RIBOSOMES

Back 39

RNA & protein; dispersed throughout cytoplasm or studded on ER

protein synthesis

Front 40

ROUGH ER

Back 40

Membranous network studded with ribosomes

protein synthesis

Front 41

SMOOTH ER

Back 41

Membranous network lacking ribosomes

lipid & cholesterol synthesis

Front 42

GOLGI

Back 42

“Stack of Pancakes”; cisternae

modification, transport, and packaging of proteins

Front 43

VESICLE

Back 43

Cylindrical membrane sacs

Storage and transport

Front 44

MITOCHONDRIA

Back 44

Kidney shaped organelles whose inner membrane is folded into “cristae”.

Site of Cellular Respiration; “Powerhouse”

Front 45

LYSOSOMES

Back 45

Membranous sac of digestive enzymes

destruction of worn cell parts (autolysis) and foreign particles

Front 46

MITOTIC PHASE (M):

Back 46

The mitotic phase (M) is divided into 2 parts that include mitosis and cytokinesis.

Front 47

MITOSIS

Back 47

division of nuclear parts; includes four parts:

Front 48

PROPHASE

Back 48

1. Distinct pairs of chromosomes become apparent (tightly coiled DNA and protein).

a. Each pair of chromosomes is made up of identical sister chromatids, held together by a centromere.

2. Pairs of centrioles migrate to opposite ends of the cell, spindle fibers form between them.

3. The nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappear.

Front 49

METAPHASE

Back 49

o Chromosomes line up in an orderly fashion midway between the centrioles (i.e. along equatorial plate);
o Centromere holding each pair of chromosomes together attaches to a spindle fiber between the centrioles.

Front 50

ANAPHASE

Back 50

o Centromere holding the chromosome pair together separates;
o Individual chromosomes migrate in opposite directions on the spindle fibers toward the polar centrioles;
o cytokinesis begins.

Front 51

TELOPHASE

Back 51

o Chromosomes complete migration toward centrioles;
o Nuclear envelope develops around each set of chromosomes;
o Nucleoli develop;
o Spindle fibers disappear;
o cleavage furrow nearly complete.

Front 52

CYTOPLASMIC DIVISION (Cytokinesis_ =forming 2 daughter cells.

Back 52

1. begins during anaphase, when the cell membrane begins to constrict (pinch) around the daughter cells.

2. is completed at the end of telophase when the nuclei and cytoplasm of the two newly formed daughter cells (in interphase) are completely separated by cleavage furrow.

Front 53

CONTROL OF CELL DIVISION
Significance

Back 53

1. to form a multi-celled organism from one original cell.
2. growth of organism
3. tissue repair.

Front 54

Details of Cell Signaling

Back 54

1. Maturation promoting factor (MPF) induces cell division when it becomes activated;

2. cdc2 proteins are a group of enzymes that participate in the cell division cycle.
a. They transfer a phosphate group from ATP to proteins to help regulate cell activities.

3.Cyclin is a protein whose level rises and falls during the cell cycle;
a.It builds up during interphase and activates the cdc2 proteins of MPF above.

Front 55

Length of the Cell Cycle

Back 55

1. varies with cell type, location and temperature;

2. Average times are 19-26 hrs;

3. Neurons, skeletal muscle, and red blood cells do not reproduce!

Front 56

Abnormal Cell Division (CANCER)

Back 56

When cell division occurs with no control (goes awry), a tumor, growth, or neoplasm results.

Front 57

benign tumor

Back 57

a non-cancerous tumor

Front 58

malignant tumor

Back 58

a cancerous growth

may spread by metastasis to other tissues by direct invasion, or through the bloodstream or lymph system.

Front 59

oncologist

Back 59

a physician who treats patients with tumors

Front 60

Oncology

Back 60

the study of tumors

Front 61

INTERPHASE

Back 61

cell growth and DNA replication

Front 62

INTERPHASE

Back 62

not considered part of mitosis.
2. represents the majority of a cell's life and includes:
a. cell growth and
b. duplication of DNA prior to prophase;

3. Interphase is divided into 3 parts:
a. G1 = rapid growth and replication of centrioles;
b. S = growth and DNA replication; and
c. G2 = growth and final preps for cell division

Front 63

THE CELL CYCLE (NORMAL CELL DIVISION)

Back 63

The life cycle of a cell is divided into two major portions that include interphase and a mitotic phase. Remember that the process of cell division is continuous. It is only divided into stages for convenience and to help you learn.

Front 64

CELLS

Back 64

The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living things. Cells vary in their shape, size, and arrangement, but all cells have similar components, each with a particular function.

Front 65

A COMPOSITE CELL or typical animal cell contains

Back 65

A COMPOSITE CELL or typical animal cell contains four major cell parts

Front 66

A COMPOSITE CELL or typical animal cell contains four major cell parts

Back 66

o The CELL (or plasma) MEMBRANE, which is the outer boundary of the cell.
o The CYTOPLASM, which holds the cellular organelles.
o The CELLULAR ORGANELLES, which perform specific functions of the cell.
o The NUCLEUS, or control center of the cell.

Front 67

The CELL (or plasma) MEMBRANE

Back 67

is the outer boundary of the cell

Front 68

CYTOPLASM

Back 68

holds the cellular organelles

Front 69

CELLULAR ORGANELLES

Back 69

perform specific functions of the cell

Front 70

NUCLEUS

Back 70

control center of the cell.

Front 71

Membrane Structure

Back 71

Fluid Mosaic Model

Front 72

Membrane Structure

description

Back 72

Composed of a double layer (bilayer) of phospholipid molecules with many protein molecules dispersed within it

Front 73

The surfaces of the membrane are

Back 73

"hydrophilic" due to the polar phosphate heads;

Front 74

The internal portion of the membrane is

Back 74

"hydrophobic" due to the non-polar fatty acid tails;

Front 75

The membrane proteins also have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. There are two types

Back 75

o Integral proteins are firmly inserted into and extend across the lipid bilayer.
1. Most are glycoproteins;

2. They serve as either channels (pores), transporters (carriers), receptors (recognition sites) or enzymes.
o Peripheral proteins lie loosely on the inner surface of the cell membrane.

1. They serve as cytoskeletal anchors.

Front 76

Intercellular Junctions

Back 76

a. Connect adjacent cell membranes
b. Three types
o Tight Junctions prevent movement of substances in between cells, like caulking between tiles
o Desmosomes are structural reinforcement, like superglue
o Gap Junctions allow ions to pass from cell to cell for communication, they are true cell phones