A & P Ch. 6 - Bones And Joints

Front 1

Flat Bones

Back 1

Two thin plates of compact bone enclosing a central region of spongy bone.

Front 2

Long bones

Back 2

Bear the weight of the body
Longer than they are wide

Front 3

Diaphysis

Back 3

Shaft of the long bone

Front 4

Epiphyses

Back 4

Two ends of the long bone

Front 5

Short bones

Back 5

Resemble blocks and bear weight
(carpals and tarsals)

Front 6

Irregular bones

Back 6

Have any number of shapes
Vertebral, Wormian bones in skull, patellae

Front 7

Axial skeleton

Back 7

bones that form the body's central axis:
Skull, vertebral column, rib cage

Front 8

Appendicular skeleton

Back 8

Bones of upper and lower appendages, and bones used to attach them
Arms, legs, hands, feet, shoulder and hip girdles

Front 9

Calcium phosphate

Back 9

Mineral salt
major component of bone
main component of hydroxyapatite

Front 10

Calcium hydroxide

Back 10

Component of bone

Front 11

Hydroxyapatite

Back 11

Crystals made of calcium phosphate that are embedded in collagen (protein) fibers
Adds hardness and strength to bones

Front 12

Collagen

Back 12

Protein fibers - adds to flexibility of bones

Front 13

Hemopoiesis

Back 13

Blood cell formation

Front 14

Red bone marrow

Back 14

Where hemopoiesis occurs (blood cell formation)
Found in spongy center of most bones.
Where red and white blood cells and platelets are made

Front 15

Epiphyseal plate

Back 15

found where diaphysis joins wider part of bone called metaphysis
(Growth plate)

Front 16

Metaphysis

Back 16

wider part of the bone extremity

Front 17

Articular cartilage

Back 17

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage
Provides a frictionless surface for bones to adjoin one another

Front 18

Periosteum

Back 18

Connective tissue membrane
Diaphysis is covered by periosteum

Front 19

Spongy bone

Back 19

Interior of bone
also called cancellous bone
Networks of bony plates and rods called trabeculae

Front 20

Trabeculae

Back 20

Networks of bony plates and rods in bones

Front 21

Compact bone

Back 21

Outer wall of diaphysis of long bone
dense and hard

Front 22

Yellow bone marrow

Back 22

Interior of diaphysis
Fatty

Front 23

Medullary cavity

Back 23

marrow cavity of bone
lined with thin membrane called endosteum

Front 24

Endosteum

Back 24

thin membrane lining interior of bone

Front 25

Osteons/
Haversian systems

Back 25

Intricate series of concentric rings of bony tissue

Front 26

Central canal

Back 26

At center of each osteon
contains nerve and blood cells

Front 27

Perforating canals

Back 27

connect the bone cells with one another and link central canals

Front 28

Lamellae

Back 28

Surrounds each central canal
The rings of the osteon

Front 29

Lacunae

Back 29

Spaces within the rings (lamellae)
Where osteocytes are found

Front 30

Osteocytes

Back 30

Inactive bone forming cells that have become trapped within the bony tissue they produce

Nourish bone and remove wastes from surrounding bone

Front 31

Canaliculi

Back 31

Ultramicroscopic extensions
link lacunae to one another and to central conal

Front 32

Intersitital lamellae

Back 32

Fill spaces between osteons
Incomplete osteons

Front 33

Osteoblasts

Back 33

Highly active
make protein (collagen) and hydroxyapatite of bone

Front 34

Hyaline cartilage

Back 34

Rods develop with shape of long bones

Front 35

Ossification

Back 35

Bone formation

Front 36

Intramembranous ossification

Back 36

Occurs in flat bones and skull
Takes place when osteoblasts migrate into membranes and form clusters called ossification centers

Front 37

Ossification centers

Back 37

Osteoblasts secrete the bony matrix composed of collagen, calcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate.
Soon are surrounded by bone

Front 38

Endochondral ossification

Back 38

Occurs in long bones
Blood vessels grow into center of rod of hyaline cartilage
osteoblasts develop within membrane
Interior remains hollow

Front 39

Lammellar bone

Back 39

Alternate name for compact bone
Dense bone that exhibits osteons

Front 40

Osteoclasts

Back 40

Bone destoying cells
Secrete substances that dissolve bone

Front 41

Arthrology

Back 41

Study of joints

Front 42

Synarthroses

Back 42

Immovable joints

Front 43

Amphiarthroses

Back 43

semi-movable joints

Front 44

Diarthroses

Back 44

Freely movable joints

Front 45

Sutures

Back 45

Synarthroses (immovable joints) in skull
Where frontal bone meets two parietal bones
Where Parietal bones meet each other and occipital bone

Front 46

Gomphosis

Back 46

Where a tooth joins bony socket

Front 47

Syndesmosis

Back 47

Fibrous membrane connects the shafts of two adjacent long bones

Front 48

Intervertebral disks

Back 48

Amphiarthroses (semimovable)
Fibrocartilage surrounding a gelatinous core

Front 49

Pubic symphysis

Back 49

Amphiarthroses (semimovable)
Small amount of movement occurs

Front 50

Sacroiliac joing

Back 50

Amphiarthroses (semimovable)
Where sacrum joins the ilium portion of the hip

Front 51

Synovial Cavity

Back 51

Encases two bones

Front 52

Fibrous Capsule

Back 52

Encases two bones and forms synovial cavity

Front 53

Synovial membrane

Back 53

Thick lubricatedLines inner surface of synovial cavity

Front 54

Synovial fluid

Back 54

Secreted by synovial membrane
Thick, lubricating fluid

Front 55

Cartilaginous disks

Back 55

Two cartilaginous disks are found in each knee joint
Divides some joint cavities

Front 56

Semilunar meniscus

Back 56

Crescent shaped cartilage in knee

Front 57

Ligaments

Back 57

Thick bundles of cords found in some synovial capsules

Front 58

Bursae

Back 58

lined with synovial membranes
commonly found between skin and bony prominences lying beneath the skin

Front 59

Hinge joint

Back 59

Diarthrotic joint
Movement occurs in only one plane
Elbow, knee, fingers

Front 60

Pivot joint

Back 60

Diarthrotic joint
Cylindrical surface of one joint rotates within a ring formed by another bone
Atlas and axis

Front 61

Ball-and-socket joint

Back 61

Diarthrotic joint
Ball-like head fits into a cuplike cavity
Allows most freedom of movement
Scapula
hip

Front 62

Condyloid joint

Back 62

Diarthrotic joint
Biaxial joint
Articular surfaces are oval
Rotation not possible
Where radius meets carpals at wrist

Front 63

Saddle Joint

Back 63

Diarthrotic joint
Biaxial joint
Rotation is restricted
Two articulating bones have concave and convex surfaces, respectively
Convex surface of one bone fits the concave surface of another
Carpals and metacarpals

Front 64

Gliding joint

Back 64

Diarthrotic joint
Gliding, nonaxial movement
Between carpal bones
Sacrum and ilium

Front 65

Flexion

Back 65

Bending

movement of the joint to reduce the angle between two bones

Front 66

Extension

Back 66

Stretching out

movement of joint where angle between bones increases

Front 67

Abduction

Back 67

Moving a body part away from the midline of the body

Front 68

Adduction

Back 68

Moves a body part toward the midline

Front 69

Rotation

Back 69

Body part moves without an axis
Shaking head "no"

Front 70

Medial Rotation

Back 70

Toward midline

Front 71

Lateral rotation

Back 71

Away from midline

Front 72

Pronation

Back 72

Rotation of forearm and hand so palm is turned backward

Front 73

Supination

Back 73

Forearm rotation so palm turns toward anatomical position

Front 74

Elevation

Back 74

Raising a body part

Front 75

Depression

Back 75

Lowering a body part

Front 76

Retraction

Back 76

Moving a body part backward, such as pulling in chin

Front 77

Protraction

Back 77

Moving a body part forward, such as thrusting the chin outward

Front 78

Eversion

Back 78

Turning the foot so the sole is outward

Front 79

Inversion

Back 79

Turning the foot so the sole is inward

Front 80

Dorsiflexion

Back 80

Bending the foot toward the shin

Front 81

Plantar flexion

Back 81

Bending the foot away from the shin

Front 82

The skull bones and ribs and bones of the pelvis are types of bones classified as

Back 82

Flat bones

Front 83

Those bones that bear the weight ofthe body are classified as

Back 83

Long bones

Front 84

The projections of irregular bones such as on the vertebrae provide sites for the attachment of muscle tendons and

Back 84

ligaments

Front 85

The irregular bones found in the skull joints are

Back 85

Wormian bones

Front 86

All the bones of tghe skull, vertebral column, and the ribcage are considered together as the

Back 86

Axial skeleton

Front 87

Two examples of short blocklike obnes in the body are the bones of the wrist called carpals, and the bones of the ankles known as

Back 87

Tarsals

Front 88

Crystals consisting mostly of calcium phosphate form a component of bone called

Back 88

Hydroxyapatite

Front 89

The major protein in the fibers of the bone matrix is

Back 89

Collagen

Front 90

Bone serves to support the body, protect the organs, store calcium, and serve as sites of formation of

Back 90

Blood cells

Front 91

Red bone marrow is particularly active at the center of bones such as the vertebrae and the bones of the

Back 91

Sternum

Front 92

The two ends of a long bone are known as

Back 92

Epiphyses

Front 93

The thin layer of hyaline cartilage at the outer surface of the end of a long bone is called the

Back 93

Articular cartilege

Front 94

Wherever it lacks a cartilege cover, the long bone is covered with a connective tissue membrane known as the

Back 94

Periosteum

Front 95

The interior portion of the epiphysis of the bone consists of

Back 95

Spongy bone

Front 96

The marrow cavity in long bones is filled with

Back 96

Yellow bone marrow

Front 97

Spongy bone contains networks of bony plates and rods known as

Back 97

Trabeculae

Front 98

The histological and p histological unit of compact bone is the

Back 98

Osteon

Front 99

The microscopic spaces that contain the osteocytes of bone are the

Back 99

Lacunae

Front 100

The central canals of osteons are connected by a system of channels called

Back 100

Perforating canals

Front 101

The cells making the protein and hydroxapatite for bone growth are

Back 101

Osteoblasts

Front 102

Bone formation takes place by a process of

Back 102

Ossification

Front 103

Bone formation occurring withing membranes is correctly known as

Back 103

Intromembranous ossification

Front 104

Bone formation taking place near the ends of the long bones occurs by the process of

Back 104

Endochondral ossification

Front 105

Before puberty, the long bone lengthens at a zone of cartilage beyond the ossification center called the

Back 105

Epiphyseal plate

Front 106

Bone is remodeled and dissolved by substances secreted by bone-destroying cells referred to as

Back 106

Osteoclasts

Front 107

The destruction and remodeling of bone provides the body with ions such as phosphate ions and

Back 107

Calcium ions

Front 108

The excessive breakdown of bone may exceed its deposit in the condition called

Back 108

Osteoporosis

Front 109

Semimovable joints are called

Back 109

Amphiarthroses

Front 110

An immovable joint consisting of two adjacent edges of bone separated by a small amount of fibrous tissue is an

Back 110

Synarthroses

Front 111

An example of a synarthrosis occurring in the skull is

Back 111

a suture

Front 112

Where a tooth comes together with its bony socket, the union forms an immovable joint called a

Back 112

Gomphosis

Front 113

An amphiarthrotic joint is found between the two pubis bones and between the bodies of the

Back 113

Vertebrae

Front 114

A diarthrosis is a freely movable joint consisting of two bones separated by a cavity called the

Back 114

Synovial cavity

Front 115

The joints occurring at the elbow, shoulder, hip, knee, and ankle are examples of a

Back 115

Diarthrotic joint

Front 116

The thick fluid found within the synovial cavity of a diarthrotic joint is called

Back 116

Synovial fluid

Front 117

The cartilaginous disk found in the kne joint is referred to as

Back 117

Semilunar Meniscus

Front 118

Joints can be stabilized by muscles connected to bones near the joint or by thick bundles of cords known as

Back 118

Ligaments

Front 119

Closed, fluid filled sacs found near diarthrotic joints are called

Back 119

Bursae

Front 120

A diarthrotic joint that permits rotation is a

Back 120

Pivot Joint

Front 121

Where the head of hte humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula, there is a diarthrotic joint called a

Back 121

Ball-and-socket joint

Front 122

Where the radius meets the carpals at the wrist, the diarthrotic joint is a

Back 122

Condyloid joint

Front 123

Where bones have concave and convex surfaces that articulate, the diarthrotic joint is known as a

Back 123

Saddle joint

Front 124

Movement at a joint in which the angle between two bones is reduced is known as

Back 124

Flexion

Front 125

When a body part is moved away from the midline of the body, the movement is referred to as

Back 125

Abduction

Front 126

When a body part moves toward the midline, the movement is

Back 126

Adduction