A & P 2 - Respiratory System 1

Front 1

What are the structural and functional divisions of the Respiratory system?

Back 1

Structural:
Upper airway = nasalcavity/mouth, pharynx, and associated structures
Lower airways = layrnx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

Functional:
Conducting zone - mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, two main bronchi, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles
Respiratory zone - respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and sacs

Front 2

What are the functions of the conducting and respiratory zone?

Back 2

Conductive:
-low resistance pathway for air flow, distribution of air in lungs
air conditioning (protective function):
-filtration of air
-removing of foreign particles (mucus secretion, cough, and bronchoconstriction)
-warming up and humidification of inspired air

Respiratory:
Primary - exchange of gases between air and blood
Secondary:
Endocrine function:
-secretion of prostaglandins, histamine, bradykinins, heparin, substance P and opiates; ATI -> ATII
-inactivation of bradykinin, NorAdr, Adr, and prostaglandins E and F

Acid base balance

Elastic reservoir supplying left side of heart

Circulatory filter (trapping and dissolving of clots, detached cells, air bubbles, etc)

Secretion of surfactant (type II pneumocytes)

Local defense mechanisms:
-pulmonary alveolar macrophages
-alpha 1 antitrypsin, protects from action of lysosomal enzymes which would cause destruction of lung tissue

heat and water loss

Front 3

What are some features of the anatomy of the external nose?

Back 3

Bones:
-frontal, nasal, and maxillary bones

Flexible cartilaginous framework:
-septal (anterior nasal septum)
-lateral nasal (inferior to nasal bones)
-alar - wall of nostrils

openings:
-external nares, nostrils

functions:
-air conditioning
-speech modificaiton (resonance)

Front 4

What are features of the Internal nose?

Back 4

-inferior to nasal bone

-floor = hard palate, walls = skull bones and cartilage

nasal septum:
-made from hyaline cartilage (anterior) and skull bones (posterior)
-divides nasal cavity into R and L sides

choanae - communicates with pharynx through internal nares

receives ducts from paranasal sinuses (drains mucus) and nasolacrimal ducts (drains tears)

vestibule:
-anterior portion of nasal cavity
-lined by skin containing coarse hair (filtration of air)

3 nasal conchae:
-superior, middle, and inferior meatuses
-these meatuses increase SA in internal nose
-also facilitate air conditioning and prevent dehydration (trap water droplets during expiration)

Olfactory epithelium:
-lie in mucosa of superior nasal conchae and adjacent septum

Mucous membrane inferior to olfactory epithelium:
-goblet cells - secretion of mucous
-dense capillary network - warm up inhaled air

Front 5

What are characteristics of the Pharynx?

Back 5

Functions:
-common passageway for air and food
-resonance
-houses nostrils

walls:
-mucous membrane, skeletal muscles (outer layer - circular; inner - longitudinal)

regions:
Nasopharynx:
-posterior to nasal cavity
-5 openings = 2 internal nares, 2 auditory tubes (eustachian tubes)
-these openings equalize the pressure between the nasopharynx and the middle ear and the opneing to the oropharynx
-contains pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
-lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Oropharynx:
-soft palate --> hyoid bone
-opening from mouth = fauces
-has 2 pairs of tonsils - palatine and lingual
-lined with nonkeratinzed stratified squamous epithelium (protection against abrasion by food)

Laryngopharynx:
-hyoid bone --> esophagus
-openings into larynx anteriorly and esophagus inferiorly
-nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Front 6

What are characteristics of the Larynx?

Back 6

location:
-middle of neck anterior to esophagus

9 cartilages:
unpaired: thyroid, epiglottis, cricoid
paired: arytenoid, cuneiform, corniculate

muscles:
intrinsic - connect cartilages to each other
extrinsic - connect cartilages to other structures in throat

Laryngitis - caused by respiratory infection or irritants like cigarette smoke
cancer of larynx - hoarseness, pain in swallowing, in smokers

Front 7

What are characteristics of the Thyroid cartilage?

Back 7

called adam's apple

-forms anterior wall
-consists of 2 fused plates
-larger in males because of androgens
-connected to hyoid bone by thryohyoid membrane

Front 8

What are characteristics of the Epiglottis?

Back 8

leaf-shaped cartilage covered with epithelium

superior portion is unattached and free to move up and down

closes glottis during swallowing

glottis - vocal folds in larynx, pair of folds of mucous membrane (rima glottidis)

Front 9

What are characteristics of the Cricoid cartilage?

Back 9

attached to trachea by cricotracheal ligament

attached to thyroid cartilage by cricothyroid ligament

Front 10

What are the paired cartilages?

Back 10

Arytenoid:
-attach vocal cords and intrinsic pharyngeal muscles (contraction and movement of vocal cords

Corniculate - support epiglottis

Cuneiform - support the vocal cords and the epiglottis

Front 11

What are the parts of the vocal box?

Back 11

Laryngeal folds:
-superior vestibular folds (false vocal cords)
-inferior true vocal cords

Rima vestibuli:
-opening between vestibular folds

Rima glottidis:
-opening between true vocal cords

Front 12

What is involved in sound production?

Back 12

Vocal and vestibular ligaments in vocal folds:
-bands of elastic fiber that stretch between the cartilages

Intrinsic laryngeal muscles:
-attach cartilage to vocal cords
-contraction of muscles --> stretching of folds and ligaments, narrowing of rima glottidis
-direction of air against tightened vocal folds --> vibration of elastic fibers of ligaments --> production of sound waves

contraction of intrinsic muscles help arytenoid cartilages to pivot --> opening or closing the rima glottidis

-posterior cricoarytenoid mm - move vocal folds apart (abduction)
-lateral cricoarytenoid mm - move the vocal folds together (adduction)

Control of pitch:
-high pitch = high tension of cords, rapid vibration
-low pitch = opposite
-males have thicker and longer vocal folds --> slow vibration and low pitch

conversion of sound into recognizable speech:
-action of resonating chambers (pharynx, mouth, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses)
-vowels by contraction and relaxation of pharyngeal mm
-muscles of face, tongue and lips to enunciate

whispering:
-all but posterior rima glottidis closed
-no vibration of vocal cords

Front 13

What is Singer's Nodule?

Back 13

junctino of anterior and middle two-thirds of vocal fold

symptoms:
-hoarseness of voice, painful speech production

females more likely to develop nodules

yelling and coughing are causes

people in loud environment are most susceptible

Front 14

What are characteristics of the Trachea?

Back 14

-extends from larynx to border of T5

-divides into R and L primary bronchi

-4 layers:
mucosa - goblet cell containing pseudostratified epithelium submucosa - seromucous glands that produce mucus "sheets" within trachea
hyaline cartilage
adventitia - the 20 rings of hyaline cartilage prevent airway from collapsing during pressure changes from breathing

-16-20 C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

-conducts air between larynx and lungs

-epithelium has thick lamnia propria and rich supply of elastic fibers

Front 15

What happens in homestatic imbalance of the Trachea?

Back 15

smoking inhibits and ultimately destroys cilia

coughing is the mechanism to prevent mucus from accumulating in lungs

smokers with respiratory congestion should avoid medications that inhibit the cough reflex

Front 16

What is the Bronchial tree?

Back 16

trachea divides into L and R primary bronchi:
-right is shorter and wider than left

carina:
-internal ridge at bifurcation of trachea
-mucous membrane contains very sensitive receptors that trigger a cough reflex

Primary bronchi --> secondary lobar (3 right and 2 left) --> tertiary (segmental) --> bronchioles --> terminal bronchioles

2 primary divide 23 times to form bronchial tree

first 16 generations = bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles called the conductive zone

last 7 generations = respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs called the transitional and respiratory zone

branching:
-increases cross sectional area of airways
-decrease velocity of airflow
-decrease total resistance to air flow

Front 17

What are the walls of the Resipratory airways?

Back 17

Trachea and bronchi:
-cartilages
-little amt of smooth muscle
-ciliated columnar epithelium (mucous and serous glands)

bronchioles and terminal bronchioles:
-no cartilage
-more smooth mm (especially in terminal)
-ciliated simple columnar epithelium with some gobet cells in large bronchioles; non ciliated simple cuboidal in terminal bronchioles

Front 18

What is removed in a Tracheotomy?

Back 18

1. vocal cords

2. thyroid cartilage

3. cricold cartilage

4. tracheal cartilages

5. balloon cuff