A & P 2 Chapter 24 Digestive System

Front 1

Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract

Mouth to Anus

Back 1

Tube open @ both ends for the transit of food during processing

Front 2

Accessory Structures that contribute to the food processing are:

Back 2

Teeth: make food small
Tounge: Mix food and Saliva t/g
Salivary Glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

Front 3

Functions of GI Tract

Back 3

Ingestion: food/liquid into mouth
Secretion: enzymes to assist
Mixing
Propulsion: propel
Digestion: by Mechanical& Chemical means
Absorption: go to blood/lymph
Defication

Front 4

Mechanical

Back 4

Movement of GI Tract that aid in chemical digestion

Front 5

Chemical

Back 5

Series of catabolic (hydolysis) reatctions to break down:

1. Lg. Carbs 3 .Lipid food molecules
2. Nucleic Acids 4. Protein food molecules

......into sm. molecules that body cells can use.

Front 6

Salivary Glands

Back 6

Major portion of saliva is secreted by these to aid in digestion.

Function:
Lubricate food
Dissolve food
Start chemical digestion of carbs
Keep mucous membrane of throat & mouth moist

Front 7

Saliva

Chemical

Back 7

Functions:
Chemical digestion of starches w/ enzyme:
Salivary Amylase

Front 8

In mouth:

Back 8

Lipase is enzyme that is secreted to begin digestion of lipids

Front 9

Pharynx

Mechanical

Back 9

Naso: Repsiration & Nasal

Oro: Respiration & Digestion

Larngo: Oral & Nasal

Front 10

Esophagus

Mechanical

Back 10

Collapsible muscular tube
Lies behind trachea
Connects pharynx to stomach

Functions:
Secrete mucus
Transport food to stomach

Front 11

Swallowing (Deglutition)

Mechanical

Back 11

Upper Sphincter

Peristasis

Lower Sphincter: Relaxes as food approches

Muscles: puch food down
Bolus: In esophagus relaxes when larynx is lifted

Front 12

Stomach

Mechanical & Chemical

Back 12

Begins at bottom of esophagus (lower esophageal sphincter) & ends at pyloric sphincter

Empties as small squirts of chyme leave the stomach to the pyloric sphincter/valve

Functions:
Mix & hold food
Begin digestion of food
Continue digestion of lipids

Front 13

Chyme

Back 13

end product of stomach digestion

Front 14

Cardia

(Stomach)

Back 14

Closest to heart

Front 15

Body

(Stomach)

Back 15

Bulk of stomach

Front 16

Fundus

(Stomach)

Back 16

upper region of stomach

Front 17

Pyloric Canal

(Stomach)

Back 17

Whole Region

Front 18

Gastric glands

(Stomach)

Back 18

Formed by epithelial cells

And secrete into stomach as Gastric Juice

Front 19

Mucous Neck Cells

(Stomach)

Back 19

Secrete mucus

Front 20

Cheif Cells

(Stomach)

Back 20

Secrete Pepsinogen & Gastric Lipase

Front 21

Parietal Cells

(Stomach)

Back 21

Secrete HCl

Front 22

Gastrin

(Stomach)

Back 22

hormone producing cells into bloodstream

Front 23

Functions of Stomach

Back 23

Release more Gastric juice
Increase Gastric motility
Relax pyloric sphincter
Constrict esophageal sphincter
Regulate hunger

Front 24

Mechanical:
Chemical:

(Stomach)

Back 24

peristaltic movements
conversion of proteins to peptides by pepsin

Wall is impermeable, but H2O, electrolytes, ASA & alcohol can be absorbed into lining

Front 25

Pancreas

Back 25

Connected to duodenum of Sm. intestine via pancreatic acid

Front 26

Pancreatic Islets (Langerhorn's)

(Pancreas)

Back 26

Secretes hormones

Front 27

Acini

(Pancreas)

Back 27

Secrete mix of fluid & digestive enzymes called pancreatic juice

Front 28

Pancreatic Juice

Back 28

Starch (Pancreatic Amylase)
Proteins (Trypsin, Chymotrysin, Carboxypetidase)
Lipids (Pancreatic Lipase)
Nucleic Acids ( Ribnuclease & Deoxy.)
Na Bicarbonate (Halts activity & promotes activity of pancreatic enzymes)

Front 29

Liver

Back 29

Divided into R & L Lobes

R: Posterior
Caudate (Superior)
Quadate (Inferior)

Lobes to Lobules to Hepatocytes: Secrete Bile

Liver & Secretions deal with:
Carbs, Lipids & Protein metabolism
Removal of drugs & hormones from blood
Storage of Vits. & Minerals

Front 30

Small Intestine

MAJOR events occur here!

Back 30

Pyloric Sphincter to Ileocecal Spincter

Divides into:
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

Front 31

Circular Flods/Plicae Circularies

(Small Intestine)

Back 31

Permenant ridges in mucosa that enhance absorption by increasing surface area

Front 32

Mechanical

(Small Intestine)

Back 32

Segmentation (MAJOR movement): is localized contreaction in areas containing food

Peristalisis: propels chyme through the intestinal tract

Front 33

Chemical

(Small Intestine)

Back 33

Carbs into Monosaccharides

Carbs to Maltose & ALpha-dextines (Pancreatic Amylase)
Alpha-dextrins to Glucose (Alphadestrinase)
Sucrose to Glucose & Frutose (Sucrase)
Lactost to Glucone & Galactase (Lactase)

Front 34

Large Intestine

Back 34

Ileocecal Sphincter to Anus

Sub divisions:
Cecum (Inferior to Appendix)
Colon
Rectum
Anal Canal (Anus)

Front 35

Gastroilial Reflux

(Large Intestine)

Back 35

When stomach is full the Gastrin hormone relaxes Ilcocecal sphincter so large intestine will empty to make more room.

Front 36

Gastrocolic Reflux

(Large Intestine)

Back 36

Stomach fills and strong peristalic wave moves contents of transverse colon through the colon

Front 37

Chemical

(Large Intestine)

Back 37

Only mucou secretion happens

Bacteria ferment:
Undigested cards turn into CO2 & Methane gas
Undigested proteins turn into Simpler substances

Front 38

Absorption & Feces Formation

Back 38

Electrolytes....Na & Cl
Fecal....Dead epithelial cells, undigested food (cellulose) & dead/alive bacteria
Some H2O absorption