A & P 1 Chapter 11 Anatomy Of The Muscular System

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Chapter 11 Anatomy of the Muscular System

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Chapter 11 Anatomy of the Muscular System

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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

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inflammation, pain, and reduced movement in the wrist due to repetitive movements that cause inflammation in the tendon sheath which then impinges on the median nerve

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Muscles Strain

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overstretching and/or tearing of muscle fiber due to overexertion/trauma

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Myalgia

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muscle pain

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The body contains more than

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600 skeletal muscles

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Muscles, along with the skeleton

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determine the form and contour of the body

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skeletal muscle structure

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striated and voluntary

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3 Connective Tissue Components

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1. epimysium
2. permysium
3. endomysium

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epimysium

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connective tissue around the entire muscle
superficial to deep

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permysium

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connective tissue around a fasicle (bundle) of muscle fiber cells
in between middle layer

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endomysium

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connective tissue around an individual muscle fiber

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Tendons

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connect muscle to bone

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Muscle

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connects bone to bone

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All three layers of connective tissue are extended into the

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connective tissue used for muscle attachments

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Tendons

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cord of fibrous connective tissue that connects the muscle to the skeletal periosteum

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Tendon sheath

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encircle tendons in the wrist and ankle (contain synovial membrane)

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More muscles

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distally.
ex. more muscles in forearm than in the arm
more muscles in philanges than carpals

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Aponeurosis

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sheet of connective tissue (extend beyond the muscle) that usually connects muscles to other muscles

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Fascia

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fibrous connective tissue surrounding many structures in the body

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Superficial fascia

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below the skin (hypodermis)

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deep fascia

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around muscles (superficial to epimysium), bones, etc.

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Attachment of Muscles
origin

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point of attachment that DOES NOT MOVE when the muscles contracts

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insertion

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point of attachment that MOVES when the muscle contracts

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Attachment points determine

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muscle action

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intrinsic muscles

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a muscle whose origin and insertion are in the SAME part or organ

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extrinsic muscles

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a muscle NOT ORIGINATING in the limb or part in which it is inserted
could end in another part than where it began

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lever systems

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how we are producing movements

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bones serve as

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levers

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joints serve as

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fulcrums

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contracting muscle

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applies a pulling force on a bone lever at the point of the muscle's attachment to the bone, which causes the insertion bone to move about its joint fulcrum

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lever system composed of four component parts

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1. rigid bar bone
2. fulcrum around which the rod moves joint
3. load that is moved
4. pull that produces movement muscle contraction

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Lever system example picture

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picture

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first-class levers

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fulcrum lies between the pull and the load
not abundant in the human body
serve as levers of stability

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first-class levers example

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head on atlis

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MUSCLES ONLY

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PULL NOT PUSH

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second-class levers

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load lies between the fulcrum and the joint at which the pull is exerted
presence of these levers in the human body is a controversial issue

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second-class levers example

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wheel barrow
standing on tip toes (plantar flexion)

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third-class levers

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pull is exerted between the fulcrum and load
permit rapid and extensive movement
most common type of lever found in the body

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muscle actions

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most movements are produced by the coordinated action of several muscles
some muscles in the group contract while others relax

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prime mover

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a muscle that directly performs a specific movement

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agonists

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any "mover" muscle that directly performs a movement, INCLUDING the prime mover
can have multiple
ex. biceps

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antagonists

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muscles that, when contracting, directly OPPOSE prime movers; relax while the prime mover (agonist) is contracting to produce movement; provide precision and control during contraction of prime movers
ex. triceps

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synergists

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muscles that contract AT THE SAME TIME as the prime movers; facilitate prime mover actions to produce a more efficient movement

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fixator muscles

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joint stabilizers (type of synergist)
(so we can act on a distal joint)

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agonist and antagonist work

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together to balance out

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how muscles are named (latin or english)

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by one or more of the following features:
1. location, function, shape
2. direction of fibers named according to fiber orientation
3. number of head or divisions (ceps)
4. points of attachment: origin and insertion points
5. relative size: small, med., lg

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brevest

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short

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longus

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long

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examples how muscles named
action of muscles

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adductor, extensor, flexor

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direction of muscle fiber

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rectus (straight), transverse (like a belt), oblique (slanted/diagonal)

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relative size of muscle

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maximus, minimus, longus, brevis

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location of muscle

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frontalis (front)

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number of origins

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biceps (2 heads), tricepts (3 heads) quadriceps (4 heads)

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location of origin and insertion

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sternocleidomastoid

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shape of the muscle

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deltoid (triangle) delta-

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skeletal muscles vary considerably in

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size, shape, and fiber arrangement

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size

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ranges from extremely small to large masses

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shape

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variety of shapes, such as broad, narrow, long, tapering, short, blunt, triangular, quadrilateral, irregular, flat sheets, or bulky masses

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arrangement

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variety of arrangements, such as parallel to a long axis, converging to a narrow attachment, oblique, pennate, bipennate, or curved

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the direction of fibers is significant

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because of its relation to function

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muscles of facial expression

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unique in that at least one point of attachment is to the deep layers of the skin over the face or neck (want to manipulate the skin, pulling in different ways-smiling and frowning)

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muscles of mastication

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responsible for chewing movements

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muscles that move the head

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paired muscles on either side of the neck are responsible for head movements

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trunk muscles

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muscles of the thorax, abdominal wall, back, and pelvic floor

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muscles of the thorax

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critically important in RESPIRATION

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muscles of the abdominal wall

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arranged in three layers, with fibers in each layer running in different directions to increase strength

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muscles of the back

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bend or stabilize the back-good posture

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muscles of the pelvic floor

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support the structures in the pelvic cavity

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diaphram

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separating abdominal cavity from thoracic cavity
inspiration-breathe in
radially arrange fibers
enlarges thorax in restful inspiration

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Chapter 11 Anatomy of the muscular system

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Chapter 11 Anatomy of the muscular system

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Upper limb muscles
muscles acting on the shoulder girdle

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muscles that attach the upper extremity to the torso are located anteriorly (chest) or posteriorly (back and neck)
these muscles also allow extensive movement

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muscles that move the upper part of the arm

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the shoulder is a synovial joint allowing extensive movement in every plane of motion

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muscles that move the forearm

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found proximal to the elbow and attach to the ulna and radius

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muscles that move the wrist, hand, and fingers

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located on the anterior or posterior surfaces of the forearm

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pectoralis minor

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elevates ribs and expands thorax in forced inspiration (scapula fixed)

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Deltoid

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abducts the brachium

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subscapularis

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adducts and medially rotates

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pectoralis major

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adducts and medially rotates

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The rotator cuff
supraspinatus

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abductor

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addutors

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subscapularis
infraspinatus
teres minor

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Muscles acting on the scapula

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Levator scapulae
Rhomboids minor and major

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levator scapulae

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elevates and fixates the scapula

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Rhomboids minor and major

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adducts (retracts) and fixates the scapula

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muscles acting on the forearm

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biceps brachii, brachialis, triceps brachii

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biceps brachii

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flexes elbow; slight adductor of brachium
origin-coracoid and glenoid of scapula
insertion-radial tupberosity

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brachialis

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flexes elbow; synergist with beceps b

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triceps brachii

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lateral head, long head
extends the elbow

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brachioradialis

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flexes and abducts wrist, fixates wrist in abducted position

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Lower limb muscles
the pelvic girdle and lower extremity function

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in locomotion and maintenance of stability

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Lower limb muscles

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muscles that move the thigh and lower part of the leg
muslces that move the ankle and foot

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extrinsic foot muscles

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located in the leg and exert their actions by pulling on tendons that insert on bones in the ankle and foot
responsible for dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion and eversion

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intrinsic foot muscles

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located within the foot, responsible for flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction of the toes

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Lower limb muscles

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muscles that move the thigh and lower part of the leg
muslces that move the ankle and foot

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Posture
maintaining is a major role of

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muscles

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good posture

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body alignment that most favors function; achieved by keeping the body's cednter of gravity over its base

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extrinsic foot muscles

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located in the leg and exert their actions by pulling on tendons that insert on bones in the ankle and foot
responsible for dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion and eversion

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intrinsic foot muscles

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located within the foot, responsible for flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction of the toes

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Posture
maintaining is a major role of

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muscles

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good posture

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body alignment that most favors function; achieved by keeping the body's cednter of gravity over its base

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good posture

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requires the least muscular work to maintain

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how posture is maintained

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muscles exert a continual pull on bones in the opposite direction from gravity

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other structures maintaining posture
nervous system

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responsible for the existence of muscle tone and regulation and coordination of the amount of pull exerted by individual muscles

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respiratory, digestive, excretory, and endocrine systems

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all contribute to maintain posture