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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Approximately how many taste buds are there?
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10,000
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Where are most taste buds found?
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on the tounge, soft palate, pharynx, larynx, and cheeck
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Name the cells found in taste buds
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Supporting, Gustatory, and Basal Cells
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What do Supporting Cells in taste buds do?
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form an insulating capsule and make up the bulk of the taste bud
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None
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What do Gustatory Cells house?
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receptor cells and gustatory hairs
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Gustatory Hairs
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microvilli that project their hairs toward taste pores
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What do the Basal Cells of gustatory do?
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gustatory stem cells that replace dead or injured taste buds
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None
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Name the cells found on the papillae
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Circumvallate papillae, Fungiform papillae, Filiform Papillae
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How many Circumvallate papillae are there on the tounge?
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7 to 12
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Fungiform Papillae
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mushroom shaped papillae scattered over the surface of the tounge and primarily have taste buds on the top
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Where are taste buds located on the Circumvallate papillae
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on the side
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Filiform Papillae
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hair like papillae scattered all over the tounge with NO taste buds
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Name the five basic taste sensations
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sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami
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What is sweet stimulated by?
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sugars, alchohols, saccharin, and some amino acids
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What is salty stimulated by?
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by sodium chloride and other inorganic salts
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What is sour stimulated by?
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by acids
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What is bitter stimulated by?
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alkaloids such as quinine, nicotine, caffeine, etc
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What is umami stimulated by?
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tang of aging cheese, and the flavor of the food additive MSG
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How can a chemical be tasted?
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dissolves in saliva, diffuses into the taste pore, contact the gustatory hairs, depolarization happens and it's sent to the brain
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What cranial nerves are used to taste?
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7 4 10
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What happens in the brain after the message of taste is sent there?
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impulses are sent to the medulla and then to the thalamus and then to the parietal lobe
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How much of taste is smell?
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80%
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Ageusia
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loss or imparment of the taste sense
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How many olfactory receptors are there?
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anywhere from 10 - 100 million
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Where do most of the olfactory receptors lie?
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in the superior portion of the nasal cavity
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Name the cells that make up the olfactory tissue
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Supporting Cells, Olfactory Receptors, Basal cells
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What are supporting cells of the olfactory composed of?
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columnar epithelium
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None
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Where are supporting cells of the olfactory normally found?
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in mucous membrane lining the nose
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None
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Olfactory receptors are what kind of neurons?
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bipolar that extend into the nasal cavity
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Basal Cells of olfactory
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receptor stem cells that lie inbetween supporing cells
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What do basal cells of the olfactory do?
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replace injured cells
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How long does it take to replace cells of the tounge?
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30 to 60 days
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Mitral cells
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post ganglionic neurons
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What do olfactory receptors do?
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act as preganglionic nerves
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Where does the snapse happen in a olfactory sensation?
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glomeruli
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Where is the glomeruli located?
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in the olfactory bulb
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How does the brain process a smell?`
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after the impulse has synapsed it is sent to the brain via the olfactory tracts
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How can a sent only be detected?
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when it is in liquid
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When a smell is in liquid how is it processed?
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depolarization occurs
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Where is the olfactory cortex located?
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in the frontal lobe
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Where do the olfactory bulbs lie?
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in the cribiform plate
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How big is the eye?
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it is 2.5 cm in diameter
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What are the eyelids supported by?
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tarsal plates
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tarsal plates
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connective tissue sheets that anchor the orbicularis oculi levator palpebrae superioris
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What is another name for a tarsal gland?
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meibomian
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What does the tarsal gland do?
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produce an oily secretion that lubricates the eyelid and the eye to prevent the eyelids from sticking together
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What is the conjunctiva's purpose?
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lubricates the eye so they don't dry out
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Lacrimal Caruncle
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meaty part of the inner eye
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Name the flow of tears
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lacrimal punctum, lacrimal canal, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct
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Name the structures of the eye
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Fibrous Tunic, Vascular Tunic, and Nervous Tunic
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What is the Fibrous tunic made of?
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sclera and cornea
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What is the vascular tunic made of?
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Choroid, Ciliary Body, Lens, Iris, Pupil
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What is the nervous tunic made of?
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Optic disc, rods, cones, Macula Lutea, and Fovea Centralis
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Whats another name for the optic disc?
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blind spot
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Rods
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distinguishes dim light and provides our perpheral vision
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Cones
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color vision
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WHat is the fovea centralis made of?
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only cones
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Canal of Schlemma
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an unusual venous channel that encircles the eye and drains aqueous humor into the venous blood supply of the body
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How does an image get processed?
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refraction allows the image to come in focus for the retina where the rods and cones are stimulated and sent to the brain
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Name the pathways for vision
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optic nerve, optic chiasma, optic tracts, and occipital lobe of the cerebrum
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Accommodation
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the lens must change shapes to adjust for vision at various distances
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Near point vision
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minimum distance from the eye than an object can be clearly focused with maximum effort
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What is the approximate amount for near point vision?
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4 in
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Far point vision
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distance beyond which no change in lens shape (accommodation) is needed for focusing
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What is the approximate amount for far point vision?
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20 ft
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Myopia
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Person can see close objects but distant objects are blurred
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Whats another name for Myopia?
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Nearsighted
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What is myopia a result of?
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the eyeball being too long
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Hyperopia
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Person can see distant objects but close objects are blurred
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Whats another name for hyperopia?
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farsighted
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What is hyperopia a result of?
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the eyeball being too short
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Astigmatism
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unequal curvature of the lens (or cornea) resulting in a refractory problem
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Cataracts
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clouding of the lens that cause the world to appear distorted
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Glaucoma
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pressure within the eye may increase to dangerous levels and compress on the retina and optic nerve
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When does Glaucoma occur?
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when the aqueous humor is blocked
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Retinal Detachment
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the pigmented layers and nervous layers separate and allow the jellylike vitreous humor to seep between them and can cause permanent blindness
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Diplopia
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double vision
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Strabismus
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cross eyed
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Color blindness
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congenital lack of one or more of the cone types
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Nyctalopia
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“night blindness” that is usually the result of a vitamin A deficiency
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Name the parts of the outter ear
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Pinna, External Auditory Meatus, Tympanic membrane
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Whats another name for Pinna
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auricle
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Middle Ear
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an air-filled cavity in the petrous portion of the temporal bone
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Name the parts of the middle ear
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Mastoid Antrum, Auditory Tube, Ossicles, Oval Window
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Mastoid Antrum
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connects the middle ear to the mastoid air sinuses
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Auditory tube
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help equalize pressure in the middle ear cavity
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Whats another name for the auditory tube?
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eustachian tube
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Ossicles
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smallest bones that amplify sound in the body
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Name the parts to the ossicles
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Malleus Incus Stapes
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Malleus
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“hammer”; the handle is secured to the eardrum
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Incus
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“anvil”
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Stapes
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“stirrup”
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What does the Tensor tympani do?
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tenses the eardrum by pulling it medially to prevent damage from very loud sounds
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What does the stapedius do?
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checks the vibration of the whole ossicle chain and limits the movement of the stapes
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Oval window
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opening through which the stapes passes in order to articulate with the inner ear structures
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Perilymph
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fills the outter part of the inner ear
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Endolymph
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fills the inner part of the inner ear
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Vestibule
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a central, egg-shaped cavity of the bony labyrinth that possesses two ducts that house receptors for equilibrium (static)
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Name the two parts to the vestibule
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Saccule and Utricle
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Saccule
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a small duct that is continuous with the membranous labyrinth
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Utricle
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a slightly larger duct that is continuous with the semicircular ducts
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Semicircular canals
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fluid filled canals that contain receptors for equilibrium (dynamic)
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Name the chambers of the cochlea (in order)
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scala vestibula, scala media, scala tympani
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What is another name for Scala media?
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cochlear duct
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Where is the organ or corti found?
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in the cochlear duct
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What does the organ of corti do?
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stores the receptors for hearing
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Vestibluar membrane
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seperates the cochlear ducts from the scala vestibula
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Basilar membrane
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separates the cochlear ducts from the scala tympani
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Otitis externa
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inflammation of the external auditory canal caused by bacterial or fungal infections
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Otalgia
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“earache”
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Presbycusis
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loss of the ability to hear high-pitched sounds
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Motion sickness
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sensory input mismatch
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Deafness
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any hearing loss
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Conduction deafness
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something hampers sound conduction (example: earwax)
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Sensorineural deafness
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results from damage to the neural structures at any point from the cochlear hair cells to and including the auditory cortical cells.
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Tinnitus
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ringing or clicking sounds in the ears
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Meniere's syndrome
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labyrinth disorder that affects both the semicircular canals and the cochlea. Person has vertigo, nausea, vomiting, and tinnitus.
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