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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3.1.1 - MONOMERS AND POLYMERS
WHAT ARE MONOMERS AND POLYMERS? |
MONOMERS - Smaller units in which larger molecules are made
POLYMERS - Molecules made from a Large number of Monomers joined Together |
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3.1.1 - MONOMERS AND POLYMERS
EXAMPLES OF MONOMERS? |
- Monosaccharides - Amino acids - Nucleotides |
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3.1.1 - MONOMERS AND POLYMERS
CONDENSATION AND HYDROLYSIS REACTION? |
CONDENSATION - Joins 2 molecules together with Formation of chemical bond and Elimination of H20
HYDROLYSIS - Water split Breaks chemical bond between two molecules and involves the use of H20 |
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3.1.2 - CARBOHYDRATES WHAT ARE MONOSACCHARIDES AND GIVE EXAMPLES? |
Monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made.
Examples: - Glucose - Galactose - Fructose |
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3.1.2 - CARBOHYDRATES BOND FORMED BETWEEN 2 MONOSACCHARIDES? |
A condensation reaction between two monosaccharides forms a glycosidic bond |
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3.1.2 - CARBOHYDRATES WHAT ARE DISACCHARIDES AND EXAMPLES? |
Formed by condensation of 2 monosaccharides (Disaccharides + condensation) Maltose - Glucose + glucose Sucrose - Glucose + fructose Lactose - Glucose + galactose |
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3.1.2 - CARBOHYDRATES ISOMERS OF GLUCOSE? |
A - OH at bottom B - OH at top |
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3.1.2 - CARBOHYDRATES
HOW ARE POLYSACCHARIDES FORMED? |
Polysaccharides are formed by the condensation of many glucose units |
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3.1.2 - CARBOHYDRATES HOW ARE THE POLYSACCHARIDES GLYCOGEN, STARCH AND CELLULOSE FORMED? |
Glycogen and starch are formed by the condensation of a-glucose Cellulose is formed by the condensation of b-glucose |
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3.1.2 - CARBOHYDRATES
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF GLYCOGEN AND HOW IT RELATES TO ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS.
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3.1.2 - CARBOHYDRATES STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF STARCH AND HOW IT RELATES TO ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS.
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- Function - energy storage
- Insoluble no effect WP, H20 by osmosis - large so doesn't diffuse out of cells - when hydrolysed it forms a-glucose, which is both easily transported and readily used in respiration
- never found in animal cells |
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3.1.2 - CARBOHYDRATES STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF CELLULOSE AND HOW IT RELATES TO ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS.
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- A major component of plant cell walls and provides rigidity to cell wall.
- Related because made of b-glucose, long and unbranded chains - parallel and are cross linked by H bonds - grouped to form microfibrils |
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3.1.2 - CARBOHYDRATES
BENEDICT'S TEST FOR REDUCING SUGARS |
- Add 2cm3 food sample in liquid - add Benedicts reagent - Heat in water bath for 5 minutes - If (RS) Present, Orange-brown |
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3.1.2 - CARBOHYDRATES BENEDICT'S TEST FOR NON - REDUCING SUGARS |
- Add HCL (Hydrochloric acid) - Heat in water bath - Non - reducing - RED - Reducing - BLUE |
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3.1.3 - LIPIDS TWO GROUPS OF LIPIDS? |
Triglycerides Phospholipids |
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3.1.3 - LIPIDS FORMATION OF TRIGLYCERIDES? |
By condensation of 1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid molecules |
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3.1.3 - LIPIDS HOW IS AN ESTER BOND FORMED? |
A condensation reaction between glycerol and a fatty acid (RCOOH) forms an ester bond |
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3.1.3 - LIPIDS R - GROUPS? |
The R - Group of a fatty acid may be saturated or unsaturated |
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3.1.3 - LIPIDS HOW ARE PHOSPHOLIPIDS DIFFERENT TO TRIGLYCERIDES? |
In phospholipids, 1 of the fatty acids in a triglyceride is substituted by a phosphate - containing group |
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3.1.3 - LIPIDS
PROPERTIES OF TRIGLYCERIDES AND HOW IT IS RELATED TO ITS FUNCTION? |
- all fatty acids have a carboxyl ( --COOH) group with a hydrocarbon chain attached (saturated) - high ratio of energy-storing C-H bonds to carbon atoms - energy source - low mass to energy ratio - good storage molecules - large, non-polar molecules, insoluble - no effect on osmosis and WP |
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3.1.3 - LIPIDS PROPERTIES OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND HOW IT IS RELATED TO ITS FUNCTION? |
- Hydrophilic 'head' - Hydrophobic 'tail'
- Polar - bi-layer within cell-surface membranes - Hydrophobic barrier - Hydrophilic 'heads' - help hold at surface of the cell-surface membrane - structure - allows them to form glycolipids by combining with carbs |
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3.1.4 - PROTEINS WHAT ARE AMINO ACIDS? |
The monomers from which proteins are made. |
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3.1.4 - PROTEINS ANALYSE THE PROTEIN DIAGRAM |
NH2 - amine groupCOOH - Carboxyl groupR - Side chain20 amino acids that are common in all organisms differ only in their side group |
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3.1.4 - PROTEINS WHAT IS FORMED WHEN 2 AMINO ACIDS COMBINE? |
A condensation reaction between two amino acids forms a peptide bond |
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3.1.4 - PROTEINS FUNCTIONAL PROTEINS |
A functional protein may contain one or more polypeptides
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3.1.4 - PROTEINS
THE ROLE OF HYDROGEN BONDS IN THE STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS |
- Stabalizes the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of proteins, formed by a helix and b pleated sheets sheets |
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3.1.4 - PROTEINS
THE ROLE OF IONIC BONDS IN THE STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS |
- Formed as amino acids bearing opposite electrical charges are juxtaposed in the hydrophobic core of proteins - Potent electrostatic attractions that can approach the strength of covalent bonds. |
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3.1. 4 - PROTEINS THE ROLE OF DISULFIDE BRIDGES IN THE STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS |
- By oxidation of the sulfhydryl groups on cysteine is an important aspect of the stabilization of protein tertiary structure, allowing different parts of the protein chain to be held together covalently |
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3.1.4 - PROTEINS PRIMARY, SECONDARY, TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS |
Research and summarise |
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3.1.4 - PROTEINS
THE BIURET TEST |
- Place sample and add equal volume of sodium hydroxide solution
- Add dilute (0.05%) Copper (II) Sulfate solution. Mix
- If protein present, PURPLE -If protein NOT present, BLUE |
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3.1.4.2 - PROTEINS ARE ENZYMES ENZYMES AND CATALYSTS |
Each enzyme lowers the activation energy of the reaction it catalyses |
