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128 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
a periodic back-and-forth motion that transmits energy
wave
back-and-forth motion
oscillation
anything a wave travels through
medium
ripple that has a wave-like motion
wave pulse
series of wave-like motions
wave train
high point of a wave
crest
low point of a wave
trough
wave in which particles of the medium oscillate and right angles to the direction of wave travel
transverse wave
wave in which particles of the medium oscillate in the direction of wave travel
longitudinal wave
wave that travels through a spring if you squeeze together the coils at one end
compression pulse
the part of the spring where the coils are spread apart
rarefaction pulse
the two parts of a longitudinal wave
a compression pulse and a rarefaction pulse
which part of a longitudinal wave is considered the crest
compression pulse
which part of a longitudinal wave is consider the trough
rarefaction pulse
the length of one wave
wavelength
the Greek letter that represents wavelength
lambda
the height of a wave (the distance between a crest or trough and the middle)
amplitude
the number of waves that pass a certain point in a unit of time
frequency
formula for frequency
the SI unit of frequency
hertz
the definition of one hertz
one wave per second
the time needed for one wave to pass
period
the formula for a period
the rate at which a wave travels through a medium
speed
the speed of a wave is the same as long as what?
it is traveling through the same medium
what is the speed of a wave directly proportional to
wavelength and frequency
the formula for speed of a wave
a device that allows waves to be observed
ripple tank
the boundary of a wave crest in a ripple tank
wave front
what a wave front appears to be
a shadow
name for the line that represents the direction of a wave in a ripple tank
ray
change in the direction of a wave as a result of colliding with an object or boundary
reflection
waves that strike an object or boundary
incident waves
waves that bounce off an object or boundary
reflected waves
the angle of incidence (hitting) equals the angle of reflection (bouncing off)
law of reflection
an imaginary line perpendicular to the reflecting surface
normal
the bending of the path of a wave because of a change in speed
refraction
which way do refracted waves bend
toward the medium that slowed them down
the spreading out of a wave after is passes through a narrow opening
diffraction
when will a wave spread evenly as it diffracts
when the opening is equal to one wavelength
the result of two waves colliding
interference
the two types of interference
constructive and destructive
when waves add together to get larger
constructive interference
when waves cancel each other to get smaller
destructive interference
vibrations traveling through a medium in the form of longitudinal pressure waves
sound
the two parts of a complete sound wave
compression pulse and rarefaction pulse
scientist who demonstrated the importance of matter for the production and transmission of sound waves
Robert Boyle
the visible parts of the human ear funnel sound into what
auditory canal
the part of the ear that vibrates in unison with sound waves
eardrum
three bones in the ear that amplify sound
hammer, anvil, stirrup
fluid-filled tube in the ear
cochlea
strength of a sound wave
intensity
intensity of sound is inversely proportional to
the square of the distance
the effect of intensity on the way the ear perceives sound
loudness
the Si unit of sound intensity
bel (B)
a smaller unit for sound intensity that is usually used
decibel
increasing a sound by 1 bell increases it by how much
10x
the effect of frequency on the way the ear perceives sound
pitch
sound that can be heard
audible sound
the range of audible sound for humans
20Hz-20000Hz
sounds with pitches below the audible range
infrasonic sounds
sounds with pitches above the audible range
ultrasonic sounds
device for producing pure musical sounds of a definite pitch
tuning fork
change in frequency of a sound caused by the motion of the object making the sound and/or the listener
Doppler effect
the main factor affecting speed of sound in air
the temperature of the air
equation for the speed of sound at a given temperature
does the speed of sound slow or speed up as the temperature drops
it decreases
speeds above the speed of sound
supersonic
speeds below the speed of sound
subsonic
scientist who first studies supersonic speeds
Ernst Mach
way of expressing supersonic speeds
Mach numbers
violent compression of air that occurs when an airplane flies at supersonic speeds
shock wave
the noise made by a shock wave
sonic boom
multiple reflections of sound waves causing it to persist
reverberation
a sound heard distinctly after being reflected from an object
echo
how far away an object must be to hear echoes from it
more than 17 m or 56 ft.
system that uses sound to locate unseen objects
sonar
what sonar stands for
sound navigation and ranging
instrument that measure the depth of the water under a boat using ultrasonic sound waves
depth finder
method of calculating distance by measuring the time between a sound and its echo
echo ranging
scientific sonar used to map the ocean floor
scanning sonar
medical machine that uses ultrasonic sound waves to produce an image of an unborn baby
ultrasonogrph
the picture of an unborn baby
sonogram
the process of dissipating the energy of sound waves into matter
absorption
the study of sound
acoustics
the time it takes for a handclap to die away
reverberation time
a series of organized sound waves with specific pitches
music
random sound with no intended pattern
noise
a sound of definite pitch produced by an instrument or singing voice
note
the difference in pitch between a note and second note whose frequency is twice the first one
octave
two notes that interfere harmoniously
consonance
two notes the interfere disagreeably
dissonance
the scientific cause of consonance and dissonance
the relationship between their frequency ratio
the most consonant musical ratio
1:2 (octave)
the distance between two notes (musical term for)
interval
generally an interval is more consonant if its ratio is what
using smaller whole numbers
a burst of louder sound
beat
all the sounds produced when a musician plays a single note
overtones
the name for the most dominant sound produced
fundamental
the definition of the fundamental sound
the one with the lowest frequency
describes the frequency relationships between the fundamental and overtones
harmonic series
the sound quality or voice of an instrument
timbre
the cause of timbre
constructive and destructive interference between the fundamental and overtones
device that shows waves as traces of light on a screen
oscilloscope
the set of frequencies at which an object vibrates
natural frequencies
what happens when the driving frequency approaches the natural frequency
resonance
reverberates sound made by a musical instrument so it is louder
resonator
three main classes of acoustic musical instruments
strings, winds, percussion
the most versatile and widely played instrument in modern times
piano
the part of the piano that is played by the musician
keyboard
what happens when a piano key is pushed
a hammer strikes one or more strings; also the damper is removed so the strings can vibrate
the right-hand pedal
damper pedal
what amplifies sound in a piano
sounding board
what the piano strings pass over to reach the sounding board
bridge
instruments in the violin family
violin, viola, cello, double bass
how a violin makes many sounds even though it only has 4 strings
the violinist shortens the length of the strings with his fingers
what the violins sound gets out through
f-shaped sound holes
what makes violin strings vibrate
bow
instrument that uses air in pipes
pipe organ
the sound a pipe organ makes (besides the music) that is caused by the pulses of compressed air
edge tone
instruments in the brass family
tuba, trumpet
the oldest and most well-known brass instrument
trumpet
what the piston valves in a trumpet do
change the length of the air column (and thus the sound produced)
how woodwinds are different from brass instruments
they have keys which cover holes; when the holes are uncovered, the length of the air column changes (and so the pitch of the sound)
part of a clarinet that closes the air column at the top (so that there are no harmonics)
reed
a technique in which a woodwind musician cuts out the fundamental so that only the first overtone is heard
overblowing
instruments played by being struck
percussion
why are drum tones considered nonmusical sounds
because the overtones do not follow a harmonic series