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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Lymphatic vessels______ cells are different from blood vessel cells |
Endothelial |
|
Lymphatic endothelial cells _____ have tight junctions and they don not have a continual basal lamina. Do or don't |
Don't |
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There are large gaps between the endothelial cells so _____ and large molecules can pass between them. |
Lymphocytes |
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The overlapping endothelial cells make _____ that can open and close. They will open and close due to the _____ of the lymph fluid flowing through the vessel |
Valves Pressure |
|
Can produce lethal hits to infected self cells Direct activation produced by MHC-1 recognition Mature from thymic tissues |
T cells |
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Can produce lethal hits to infected self cells Direct activation produced by MHC-1 recognition Mature from thymic tissues |
T cells |
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Differentiate into plasma cells when activated Anti-body mediated immunity Direct activation produced by MHC 2 recognition |
B cells |
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The classical alternative and ______ pathways all lead to the cleavage of complement C3 into C3a and C3B |
Lectin |
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The classical alternative and ______ pathways all lead to the cleavage of complement C3 into C3a and C3B |
Lectin |
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Those two fragments activate processes that lead to _________inflammation immune clearance and phagocytosis |
Enhanced |
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The classical alternative and ______ pathways all lead to the cleavage of complement C3 into C3a and C3B |
Lectin |
|
Those two fragments activate processes that lead to _________inflammation immune clearance and phagocytosis |
Enhanced |
|
Inflammation activates and attracts ______ and macrophages, two key cellular agents of pathogen destruction. |
Neutrophils |
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The classical alternative and ______ pathways all lead to the cleavage of complement C3 into C3a and C3B |
Lectin |
|
Those two fragments activate processes that lead to _________inflammation immune clearance and phagocytosis |
Enhanced |
|
Inflammation activates and attracts ______ and macrophages, two key cellular agents of pathogen destruction. |
Neutrophils |
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Immune Clarence will clear foreign antigens from the ____. |
Bloodstream |
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During Phagocytosis,______ occurs which is the coating of microbial cells |
Opsonization |
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A _____ is an abnormal elevation of body temperature |
Fever |
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A _____ is an abnormal elevation of body temperature |
Fever |
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Yet a fever when allowed to run its course is actually ______ |
Beneficial |
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Fever can ______ interferon activity |
Promote |
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Fever can also ______ tissue repair |
Accelerate |
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Fever will prevent the ______ of bacteria and viruses |
Reproduction |
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The birth of T cells takes place in the______ bone marrow |
Red |
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From the red bone marrow cells are sent to mature in the _____ |
Thymus |
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After T cells mature in this thymus cells move to the lymphatic tissue and |
Organs |
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In some cases___ cells are made and sent back to the bone marrow |
Plasma |
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When a person is exposed to an antigen for the first time the noon reaction is called the _____ response |
Primary |
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When a person is exposed to an antigen for the first time the noon reaction is called the _____ response |
Primary |
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The appearance of protective_____ is delayed for 3 to 6 days while the naïve B cells multiply and differentiate |
Antibodies |
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As the plasma cells begin secreting anti-body the anti-body_____ begins to rise |
Titer |
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Eventually the primary response will make an immune______ of the antigen |
Memory |
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Name the proper sequence for the processing of proteins produced within the cell |
Proteins are broken into fragments, transported to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, combine with the class 1 MHC moved to the Golgi apparatus, then to the plasma membrane |
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Name the correct sequence for processing proteins originating outside the cell |
Proteins are broken into fragments with in a vesicle, which fuses with the golgi vesicles containing class 2 MHC and this complex is transported to the plasma membrane |
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Foreign antigens presented on class 1 MHC molecules _____ |
Stimulates cell destruction by activated T cells |
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True or false Fragments of form proteins are anti-bodies |
False |
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True or false Viruses and self proteins are examples of proteins produced inside of the cell |
True |
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Which of the following is true regarding antigens |
They contain many different antigenic determinants (epitopes) |
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Which of the following is true regarding bacterial cells |
They have many different epitopes which each bind to specific antibodies |
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Which of the following is true regarding bacterial cells |
They have many different epitopes which each bind to specific antibodies |
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An individual anti-body is made against______ |
One epitope of an antigen |
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True or false each antigen has one epitope |
Balls |
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True or false Many different antibodies can be made against a single antigen |
True |
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Which of the following is true when interferon attaches to a cell |
The virus can enter the cell but cannot replicate |
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When interferon from one cell attaches to the second cell______ |
The recipient cell makes enzymes that degrade mRNA and prevent viral proteins synthesis |
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Which of the following is true regarding interferon |
Interferon is produced by one cell and is used to warn nearby cells of the same type |
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True or false Interferon can cause the degradation of mRNA and prevention of the synthesis of viral proteins |
True |
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True or false Interferon is produced by an animal cell that is infected by a bacterium |
False |
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Which of the following statements is not true of the hepatitis B vaccine |
It consists of an internal protein from the virus |
|
The vaccine used to prevent measles consists of live measles viruses. This type of vaccine is likely______. |
An attenuated vaccine |
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A subunit vaccine is composed of______ |
Purified parts of the micro organism |
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Vaccines present anti-bodies from a pathogen to stimulate immunity true or false |
False |
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Which of the following is produced by cytotoxic T cells |
Perforin, which makes holes in the cell membrane of infected cells |
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Which of the following is produced by cytotoxic T cells |
Perforin, which makes holes in the cell membrane of infected cells |
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Which of the following is true regarding infected cells |
They display peptide fragments of degraded viral proteins on their cell serface |
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Which of the following is produced by cytotoxic T cells |
Perforin, which makes holes in the cell membrane of infected cells |
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Which of the following is true regarding infected cells |
They display peptide fragments of degraded viral proteins on their cell serface |
|
Cytotoxic T cells recognize_____ |
Viral antigens and class 1 MHC |
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Cytotoxic T cells produce cytotoxins which cause apoptosis in infected cells |
True |
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Name the proper sequence in which they occurred during inflammatory response |
Neutrophils roll along endothelium Integrin activation Margination |
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During the inflammatory response_____ degranulation and release_____ |
Mast cells; histamine |
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Which of the following terms describe the migration of neutrophils from blood vessels |
Extravasation |
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The inflammatory response is a specific defense mechanism that the body initiates against tissue damage True or false |
False |
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Endothelial cells display selectins which bind to the integrins of neutrophils True or false |
True |
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Which of the following are antigen presenting cells |
Macrophages and B cells |
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Helper T cells interact with target cells by recognizing______ |
Antigen-MHC protein complexes |
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Helper T cells interact with target cells by recognizing______ |
Antigen-MHC protein complexes |
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Helper T cell secrete_____To stimulate the proliferation of B cells |
Cytokines |
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Helper T cells only interact with class 1 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins True or false |
False |
|
Plasma cells are B cells that produce antibodies true or false |
True |
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Name all the adaptive immunity types of cells |
B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, antigen presenting cells, cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, memory T cells, CD4 + cells, plasma cells |
|
Name all the adaptive immunity types of cells |
B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, antigen presenting cells, cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, memory T cells, CD4 + cells, plasma cells |
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Name all the nonspecific defense cells |
Neutrophils |
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Name the five things associated with adaptive immunity |
Vaccines, agglutination, memory, clonal selection, third line of defense |
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Name the three things associated with nonspecific defense |
Acid mantle, first line of defense, second line of defense |
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Name 4 characteristics T cells |
Can produce lethal hits to infected self-cells Include helper cell lines Direct activation produced by MHC-1 recognition Mature from thymic tissues |
|
Name 4 characteristics of B cells |
Differentiate into plasma cells when activated Anti-body mediated immunity Direct activation produced by MHC-2 recognition IgG and IgM formation in the secondary immune response |
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Name 2 characteristics in both B cells and T cells |
Produces memory cells Arise originally from bone marrow |
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Four Cardinal signs of _____ are recognized. |
Inflammation |
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Four Cardinal signs of _____ are recognized. |
Inflammation |
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Erythrocytes arriving at the site and perfuming the dermis are visible trough the skin, which produces _____ |
Redness |
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The increase in blood flow and leafiness of capillaries, fluids are delivered to the tissue faster than they are removed, resulting in _____ |
Swelling (edema) |
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Swelling increases the pressure of fluids on adjacent mechanical structures. This activates receptors for_____. |
Pain |
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Interesting ______ do not directly attacking nor destroy any pathogens |
Antibodies |
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Interesting ______ do not directly attacking nor destroy any pathogens |
Antibodies |
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This opens binding sites and promotes _______ resulting in a conversion of complement proteins to fight the pathogen |
Complement fixation |
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Anti-bodies that bind to more than one cell simultaneously can rapidly cause_______ to occur which is a clumping that prevents the pathogen from contacting in damaging human cells |
Agglutination |
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What is an example of the process that makes the molecule in soluble and less mobile |
Precipitation |
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Antibodies______ to pathogens and in doing so render them in capable of causing an immune response |
Bind |
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The first and second lines of defense are considered nonspecific resistance while the third line of defense is considered adaptive immunity True or false |
True |
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Discharge enzymes into a cloud of bactericidal chemicals |
Neutrophils |
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Discharge enzymes into a cloud of bactericidal chemicals |
Neutrophils |
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Guard against parasites and allergens |
Eosinophils |
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Transform into Phagocytic macrophages that ingest dead pathogens |
Monocytes |
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Include NK cells which patrol the body looking for diseased host cells |
Lymphocytes |
|
Secrete histamine increasing blood flow |
Basophils |
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Name two things that are true about memory cells |
Memory cells respond to antigens more rapidly than naïve T cells Upon re exposure to a pathogen, memory cells engage in the T cell recall response destroying the pathogen quickly |
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Name two things that are true regarding memory in humoral immunity |
Memory B cells are found mainly in the lymph nodes. Plasma cells form within hours creating a response so rapid that no noticeable signs of an illness appear |
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What is one thing that accurately describes the difference between cellular and Humoral immunity |
Cellular immunity directly attacks pathogens and infected cells while humoral immunity releases anti-bodies to do so |