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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cartilage covering the end of bones forming joints.
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Cartilage
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A joint formed btween 2 joints
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Articulation
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Dense bone tissue formed of numerous tightly packed osteons.
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Compact Bone
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The shaft of a long bone.
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Diaphysis
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The formation of bone tissue within a cartilage.
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Endochondrial Ossification
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The enlarged ends of a long bone.
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Epiphysis
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The formation of bone tissue within a fibrous membrane.
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Intramembranous Ossification
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A band of cord of fibrous connective tissue the joins bones together at movable joints.
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Ligament
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The cavity within the shaft of a long bone that is filled with yellow marrow.
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Medullary Cavity
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A bone cell that deposits matrix.
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Osteoblast
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A bone cells that breaks down bone matrix.
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Osteoclast
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A bone cell occupying a lacuna.
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Osteocyte
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An air-filled cavity in the bone located near the nasal cavity.
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Paranasal Sinus
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The fibrous membrane that covers bones.
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Periosteum
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Bone tissue that contains numerous spaces filled with red marrow.
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Spongy Bone
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The skeleton system provides ______ for the _____ and _______ ofr______ _______.
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Support
Body Protection Internal Organs |
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The ____ of the skeleton serve as sites for the________ of skeletal muscles.
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bones
attachment |
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What are formed by the red bone marrow?
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Blood cells
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Bones serve as ______ for calium salts.
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reservoirs
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What is the long shaft of a bone that lies between the epiphysis'?
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diaphysis
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_____ _____ protect and cushion the _____ surfaces of the epiphyses.
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Articular catilage
articular |
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The _____ covers the bone surfaces except for the articular cartilages.
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periosteum
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_____ _____ forms the diaphysis and the surface area of the _____.
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Compact bone
epiphyses |
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_____ _____ forms the interior of the epiphyses.
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Spongy bone
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_____ _____ fills the spaces in spongy bone.
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Red marrow
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The diaphysis contains a _____ _____ filled with fatty _____ _____.
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medullary cavity
yellow marrow |
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Compact bone is formed of numerous _____ fused together.
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osteons
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_____ _____ contain blood vessels and nerves.
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Osteonic Canals
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_____ _____ lacks osteons; its cells are nourished by diffusion from _____ _____ in the _____ _____.
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Spongy bone
blood vessels red marrow |
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_____ _____ are first formed by connective tissue membranes, which are replaced with _____ tissue.
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Intramembranous bones
bone |
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Connective tissue tissue cells are transformed into _____ , which deposit the _____ bone within a membrane.
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osteoblasts
spongy |
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_____ ______ are first formed by hyaline cartilage, which is later replaced with bone tissue.
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Endochondrial bones
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In long bones, a primary _____ _____ forms in the center of the diaphysis and extends toward the
_______. |
ossification centers
epiphyses. |
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An _____ _____ of _____ remains between the epihyses and the diaphysis in immature bones.
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epiphyseal plate of cartilage
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Secondary ossification centers form in the _____.
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epiphyses
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Growth in length occurs at the _____ _____, which is gradually replaced by bone.
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epiphyseal disk
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Compact bone is deposited by _____ from the _____, and they are responsible for growth in the diameter of a bone.
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osteobalsts
periosteum |
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_____ hollow out the medullary cavity and reshape the bone.
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Oesteoclasts
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_____ are dynamic, living organs that are reshaped throuout life by the actions of _____ and _____.
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Bones
osteoclasts osteoblasts |
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_____ _____ may be removed from bones for other body needs and redeposited in bones later on.
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Calcium salts
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The concentration of _____ _____ decreases with age. The bones of older persons tend to be brittle and weak due to the loss of _____ and _____ _____, respectively.
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protein fibers
fibers calium salts |
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DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETON
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DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETON
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The skeleton is divided into the _____ and _____ divisions.
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axial
appendicular |
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The axial skeleton includes bones that support the _____, _____, and _____.
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head, neck and trunk
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Which lymphocyte B or T
(type IV hypersensitivity) |
T cells
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AXIAL SKELETON
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AXIAL SKELETON
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The axial skeleton consists of the _____, _____ _____, and _____ _____.
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skull
vertebral column throracic cage |
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THe skull consists of _____ and _____ bones; all are jointed by _____ joints exceptthe mandible.
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cranial and facial
immovable |
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The cranial bones are the _____ bone(1), _____ bones(2), _____ bones (2), _____ bone(1), _____ bone (1), and _____ bone (1).
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frontal
parietal (2) sphenoid (2) temporal occipital ethmoid |
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The facial bones consist of
2_____, 2______, 2_____, 2_____, 2_____, 2_____ _____ _____, 1_____, and 1_____. |
maxillae
palatine zygomatic lacrimal nasal inferior nasal conchae vomer and mandible |
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Each_____ contain a large sinus.
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maxilla
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_____ _____ of an infant skull are separated by _____ and several ______, which allow some flexibility of the skull during birth
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Cranial bones
membranes fontanels |
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The vertebral column consists of _____ _____, the _____, and the _____.
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24 vertebrae
sacrum coccyx |
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Vertebrae are separated by _____ _____ and are categorized as _____(_),
_____(_), and _____(_) vertebrae. |
intervertebral disks
cervical-7 thoracic-12 lumbar-5 |
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The first 2 _____ vertebrae are unique. The _____ rotates on the _____ when the head is turned.
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cervical
atlas axis |
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_____ vertebrae have facets on the body and _____ _____ for articulation with the ribs.
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Thoracic
transverse processes |
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The bodies of lumbar vertebrae are _____ and _____.
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heavy and strong
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The sacrum is formed by ___ ____ vertebrae and forms the posterior portion of the _____ _____.
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5 fused
pelvic girdle |
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The coccyx is formed of ___ to ___ rudimentary vertebrae and forms the _____ end of the vertebrae column.
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3 to 5
inferior |
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The thoracic cage consists of
_____ vertebrae, _____, and _____. It protects the _____ trunk and protects ______ throracic ______. |
thoracic
ribs sternum upper internal organs |
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There are ___ pairs of _____ ribs and ___ pairs of _____ ribs.The inferior ___ pairs of _____ ribs are _____ ribs.
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7 true
5 false false floating |
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The _____ is formed of three fused bones: _____,_____, and _____ _____.
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sternum
manubrium body xiphoid process |
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APPENDICULAR
SKELETON |
APPENDICULAR
SKELETON |
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The appendiclar skeleton consists of the _____ and the _____ girdles and of the bones of the _____.
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pectoral and pelvic
extremities |
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The pectoral girdle consists of 2_____and 2_____, and it supports the _____ _____.
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clavicles, scapulae
upper extremities |
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What are the bones of the the upper extremities?
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the humerus,the ulna, the
radius, carplas, metacarpals, and phalanges |
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The _____ articulates with the _____ _____of the scapula to form the _____ joint and with the _____ and _____ to form the elbow joint.
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humerus
glenoid cavity shoulder ulna and radius |
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The ulna is the _____ bone of the forearm. It articulates w/ the _____ at the elbow and with the _____ and a _____ disk at the wrist.
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medial
humerus radius fibrocartilaginous |
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The _____ is the lateral (thumb side) bone of the forearm. It articulates with the humerus at the elbow and with the ulna and carpus at the wrist.
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radius
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The bones of the hand are the _____, _____, and _____.. How many of each are there per hand?
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carpals 8
metacarpals 5 phalanges 14 |
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The _____ bones are joined by ligaments to form the bones of the wrist; _____ bones support the palm of the hand; the _____ are the bones of the fingers.
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carpal
metacarpal phalanges |
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What consists of 2 coxal bones that are joined to the sacrum posteriorly? What does this support?
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pelvic girdle
lower extremities |
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What 3 bones are fused together to form the coxal bone?
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ilium
ischium pubis |
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The ilium forms the upper portion of a _____ bone and joins with the _____ to form a sacroiliac
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coxal
sacrum sacroiliac |
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The _____ forms the inferior, posterior portion of a coxal bone and supports the body while_____.
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ischium
sitting |
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The _____ forms the lower, anterior part of a coxal bone. The _____ bones unite anteriorly to form the symphysis _____ joint.
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pubis
pubic pubis |
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What bones make up the lower extremity?
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femur, a patella, a tibia, a fibula, trsals metatersals, and phalanges
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The head of the femur is inserted into the
_____ of the coxal bone to form the hip joint. Distally, it articulates w/ the tibia at the _____ joint. |
acetabulum
knee |
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The _____ is a sesamoid bone in the anterior portion of the ____ _____.
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patella
knee joint |
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The _____ articulates with the femur at the knee joint and with the talus to form the _____ _____.
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tibia
ankle joint |
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The _____ lies lateral to the tibia. It articulates proxmally with the tibia and distally with the talus.
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fibula
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The skeleton of the foot consists of _____(_), _____(_), and ______(_).
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7 tarsals
5 metatarsals 14 phalanges |
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Tarsal bones form the _____, metatarsal bones support the _____, and phalanges are the bones of the _____.
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ankle
instep toes |
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ARTICULATIONS
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ARTICULATIONS
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Name the 3 types of joints.
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immovable
slightly movable freely movable |
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Bones forming _____ joints are closely joined and are separated by a thin layer of fibrous connective.
What is an example? |
immovable
skull bones (except mandibles) |
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Bones forming _____ _____ joints are separated by fibrocartilage pads or fibrous connective tissue.
What is an example? |
Slightly movable
joints between vertebrae |
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Bones forming ____ _____ are bound together by a ligamentous articular capsule that is lined by a synovial membrane. The articular surfaces of the the bones are covered by articular catilages. _____ _____ lubricates the joint, and bursae may be present to reduce friction.
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freely movable
synovial fluid |
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Name several types of freely movable joints.
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gliding, condyloid, hinge,saddle, pivot and ball and socket
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This type of joint occurs between small bones that slide over one another. They occur between carpal bones, between tarsal bones, and between clavical and scapula.
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Gliding Joints
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These allow movements in two planes: side to side or back and forth. The carpals and bones or the forearm (radius and ulna)
metacarpals and first phalanges are examples |
Condyloid Joints
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Allow movement in 1 plane only, like a door hinge. The elbow, knee, and joints between the phalanges are all hinge joints
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Hinge Joints
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Occurs where the ends of each bone are saddle-shaped: convex in one direction and concave in the other. Movement is side to side and back and forth.
A joint of this type occurs between the trapezium (a carpal bone) & the metacarpal bone of the thumb. |
Saddle Joints
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A joint that allows rotational movement in a single plane.
The rotation of the atlas on the axis is an example. |
Pivot Joints
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These joint occur where a rounded head of one bone fits into a concavity of the other bone. These joint allow greatest freedom of movement.
Examples: Shoulder and Hip joints |
Ball and Socket Joints
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They are broken bones.
Complete-completely thru the bone Compound-bone pierces the skin Simple- does not pierce skin Comminuted-Broken in several pieces Segmental-only 1 piece is broken out of the bone |
fractures
Disorder of bones) |
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Spiral-fracture line spirals around the bone
Oblique-the break angles across the bone. Transverse-break is at right angles to the long axis of bone |
fractures cont.
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Incomplete-The bone is not broken completely through
Green stick- the break is only on one side of the bone, and the bone is bowed. Fissured-The break is a lengthwise split in the bone. |
fractures cont.
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An inflammation of bone and bone marrow caused by bacterial infection. It is treatable w/ antibiotics but not easily cured.
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Osteomyelitis
(disorder of bones) |
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a weakening of bones due to removal of calcium salts. Common probelm in older adults due to inactivity mand decrease in hormone production. Estrogen and calcium and perscribed for post menopausal women.
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Osteoporosis
(disorder of bones) |
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a desease of children that is characterized by a deficiency of calcium salts in the bones. It results from a dietary defiency of calcium and/or vitamin D. Kids can have bowed legs because of weekened femurs, tibiae and fibulae.
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Rickets
(disorder of bones) |
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General term for many different diseases of joints that are characterized by inflammation, swelling (edema), and pain.
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Arthritis
(disorder of joints) |
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arthritis that is the most painful and crippling type. The synovial membrane thickens, and Syn. fluid accumulates causing swelling, & articulat cartilages are destryed. Joint is envaded by fibrous connective tissue that ossifies making joint immovable
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
(disorder of joints) |
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the most common type of arthritis, it is a degenerative disease that results from ageing and wear. The art. cartilages disintergrate, which causes pain and restricts movement.
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Osteoarthritis
(disorder of joints) |
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The inflammation of a bursa ( a fluid filled sac in or near a joint that reduces friction during movement). It may be caused by excessive use or injury.
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Bursitis
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The _____ of bones forming a joint. Pain swelling, and reduced movement are associated w/ this.
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Dislocation
(disorder of joints) |
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a condition in which an invertabral disc protrudes beyond the edge of a vertebrae.
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Herniated Disk
(disorder of joints) |
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--an excessive thoracic curvature of the vertebral column, which produces a humpback condition
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Kyphosis
Spinal Curvatures |
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An excessive lumbar curvature of the vertebral column, which produces a swayback condition.
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Lordosis
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An abnormal lateral curvature of the vertbral column. For some reason it is more common in adolescent girls.
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Scoliosis
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The result of tearing or excessive stretching of the ligaments and tendons at a joint w/out a dislocation.
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Sprains
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F-decrease in the angle of bones forming joints.
E- Increasein the angle of bones forming joint |
Flexion and Extension
(movements of freely movable joints") |
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The the movement of a body part away from the midline.
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abduction
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The movement of a body part in a circular path.
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circumduction
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The movement of the body towards the midline.
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adduction
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A slightly movable joint
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amphiarthrosis
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A rounded process of the bone.
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condyle
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The shaft of the long bone.
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diaphysis
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A type of joint that is freely movable.
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diarthrosis
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