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9 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Lymphatic system functions

Recycles fluids lost from the cardiovascular system



Transports pathogens to the lymph nodes where they can be destroyed



Storage and maturation some types of white cells



Absorption of glycerol and fatty acids from food you eat

Lymphatic system parts

Lymph capillaries


Run parallel to blood capillaries


More permeable than blood capillaries, able to pick up fluid left over by cardiac system


, able to pick up fluid left over by cardiac system



Lymphatic fluid aka lymph


Fluid that fills lymph capillaries



Lymphatic vessels


Lymph capillaries empty into these which are similar to veins, even have valves


Body movement and contraction of smooth muscles Propel lymph through the system


Small vessels empty into larger vessels



Lymph nodes


Largest lymphatic vessels empty into lymph nodes


Range in size from an olive to a pinhead


Consists of sections of lymphatic tissue containing wbc know as lymphocytes


Lymphatic tissue is surrounded by lymphatic sinuses filled with lymph Fluid


destroy pathogens using wbcs



Lymphatic trunks


Lymphatic vessels leaving Lymph nodes empty in one of several trunk, bronchomediastinal, subclavin, jugular lumbar intestinal intercostal



Collecting ducts


Lymphatic trunks empty into one of 2 ducts


Thoratic duct


Empties into left subclavin vein


More than 2/3 of lymphatic system drain into it


, left bronchomediastinal, left subclavin, left jugular intercostal intestinal lumbar


Right lymphatic duct


Includes right jugular, right subclavin, right bronchomediastinal



Spleen


Filter and destroy pathogens using wbcs


SpleenSpongy organ similar to lymph node has blood sinuses instead of lymphatic sinuses Blood sinuses are surrounded by white pulp containing lymphocytes and red pulp containing rbc and wbc


Remove and destroys old damaged and fragile cells


Stores platelets and white blood cells



Thymus


Soft organ located between aortic Arch and sternum


Get smaller or disappears in adult's as the immune system fully matures in its ability to fight infection


Packed with lymphocytes which mature into T-lymphocyte




Immune system

Antigens


Each living thing has unique cell surface antigens which allow your immune system to distinguish between your own cells and Invaders


Ability is called self vs non-self recognition



Antibodies


Proteins that bind to antigens eventually destroying them


Called into action when a foreign antigen invades the body



Innate immunity


First line of defense prevents invasion if Invasion occurs it take steps to prevent the spread of infection


Can only recognize that something is not you it cannot identify what it is or remember what previous invaders where



Adaptive immunity


Remembers Invaders from previous encounters and prepares for future invasion this improves the response with experience by learning and changing



Components of immune system

Physical barriers


Anything that prevents invaders from entering body


Skin, mucous membrane of eyes digestive respiratory and reproductive system act as barriers


Packed with wbcs and lymph capillaries to trap invaders


Part of innate immunity



White blood cells


Born in bone marrow, move to other parts of body to grow and mature until they are needed during an invasion


Not released into blood stream until later needed


Divided into 2 groups



Polymorphonuclear granulocytes cells with granules or spots in their cytoplasm



Mononuclear agranulocytes no granules in cytoplasm



Neutrophils


Granulocytes function is phagocytosis, ingesting pathogens and cellular debris


Born in bone marrow, part of innate immunity, most common type in blood stream


1st responders at site of invasion



Macrophages


,


Phagocytic in later stages


Modified Monocytes which leave blood stream and enter tissue


Release chemicals to stimulate immune system



Basophils and mast cells


Release chemicals to promote inflammation


Granulocytes that enter infected tissue from blood stream


Numbers are low unless infection is present


Antihistamines block the effect of mast cells



Eosinophils


Counteract the activities of Basophils and master cells and putting the breaks on inflammation


Innate immunity



Dendrite cells


Antigen displaying cell


Ingest foreign cells take them to lymph nodes looking for lymphocytes that match antigen


Adaptive immunity, alert your adaptive immunity to respond



Natural killer cells


Wipeout out any infected cell in body as well as any nearby healthy cells


They are lymphocytes that are not part of adaptive immunity



T lymphocytes


Responsible for portion of adaptive immunity known as cell mediated immunity



B lymphocytes


Responsible for part of adaptive immunity known as antibody mediated immunity


Release chemicals to stimulate immune system



Chemicals


Cytokines


Proteins produced by damaged tissues and white blood cells which stimulate the immune response



Interferon


Binds to neighboring uninfected cells and stimulates them to produce chemicals to protect themselves from the viruses


Produced by cells that have been infected by a virus



Tumor necrosis factor


Stimulates macrophages also causes death in cancer cells



Inflammation


Symptoms are pain swelling heat and redness


Body's response to tissue damage weather mechanical or pathological


Helps to wall off the damaged area to prevent further spread which is called margination


Cells Release histamine and Cytokines which attract wbcs to the sight, extra fluid causes swelling via increased permeability of the capillaries , then more blood comes to site and produces heat


Wbcs destroy pathogens and clean away dead cells


Swelling not a function of complete cascade



Fever


Rise in body temperature to destroy pathogens by baking them out


Cytokine targets hypothalamus and tells it to turn up the temperature in body


Cancer stages

Stage 1


No spread from origin



Stage 2


Spread to nearby tissue



Stage 3


Spread to nearby lymph nodes



Stage 4


Spread to distant locations often terminal

How immune system works

Innate immunity


A pathogen must get through your physical barriers first



If gets past physical barriers a foreign antigen is detected by neutrophils which injest the foreign antigen destroying it and releasing chemicals which attract other white blood cells to the site of infection stimulating inflammation



Release of Cytokines and stimulation of inflammation attract macrophages and natural killer cells to the site of infection



Macrophages phagocytize infected cells and natural killer cells use chemicals to destroy infected cells both cells release chemicals to further stimulate inflammation activate more immune cells and Trigger the completement Cascade



Pathogens are under attack from phagocytosis noxious chemicals membrane rupture clumping and even alteration 2 molecule structure



Chemical signal your hypothalamus to raise your body temperatureInnate immunity is buying time for adaptive immunity innate immunity stimulate adaptive immunity



When a phagocyte cells ingest pathogens they display the foreign antigen on their cell membrane and activate B & T cells



Adaptive immunity



Adaptive immunity has memory learns from experience and recognizes specific pathogens



B & T lymphocytes remember pathogens in Mount specific responses to those pathogens if they meet again



Lymphocyte selection


Positive selection is lymphocytes that can actually recognize and bind to antigens are allowed to survive, selects for immune competent cells


Negative selection is the destruction of self recognizing lymphocytes



Lymphocyte activation


Lymphocytes once specialized wait in the lymph node for a pathogen they recognize



When infected cells get phagocytize by the anitgens, they display the pathogens antigens on the outside of the cells that become visible to specialized lymphocytes. Once a special lymphocytes recognize the pathogen they become active and destroy it. This is the beginning of adaptive immunity



Lymphocyte proliferation


The body only has a few lymphocytes that recognize each pathogen to which it has been exposed to



When a pathogen is recognized activated lymphocytes make thousands of copies of themselves to fight off the pathogens


B cells

Antibody mediated immunity


Fight pathogens by making and releasing antibodies to attack a specific pathogen



B cells develop into plasma and memory B cells antibodies are made in plasma cells and released into the bloodstream


Primary response


Antibodies bind to antigens of infected cells and destroy the pathogen Buy in activating the antigen it causes clumping of antigens activating the completement Cascade and releasing chemicals to stimulate the immune system and enhance phagocytosis


Memory B cells


AKA B lymphocytes stored in the lymph nodes



Secondary response


Memory cells allow to mount a faster response if exposed to a pathogen seen before improves with experience



B and t cells must bind with an antigen displaying cell to be active



T cells

Helper T cells


are responsible for Activation of B & T lymphocytes



Immunity is controlled largely by the positive feedback cycle



In a patient with AIDS B cell count will eventually drop because of decreased helper T cells



Cytotoxic t cells


Cells mediated immunity


Responsible for deaths of pathogens or infected cells



Release cytotoxic called perforin which causes infected cells to develop holes in their membranes and die



Release other Cytokines what stimulate immunity especially attracting macrophage to the site of infection to dispose of cellular debris



Memory t cells


Memory T-cells are responsible for secondary response


Adaptive immunity improve with experience



Regulatory t cells


Regulatory T cells switch off the immune system



May release Cytokines fat decreased immune and inflammatory response


Disorders of immune system

Immunodeficiency


Immune systems are under active


Examples are AIDS scid leukemia some forms of anemia chemotherapy people taking immunosuppressant drugs after organ transplants



Autoimmune


Body fails to recognize itself and destroys its own tissues as if they were foreign tissues


Ex


Rheumatoid arthritis


Multiple sclerosis


Lupus erythematosus


Type 1 diabetes


Myasthenia gravis


Graves disease


Addison disease



Hypersensitivity aka allergies


Immune system mounts a hyperactive response to a foreign antigen which are normally harmless antigens but the body treats it like an invading pathogen


Ex


Hay fever


Asthma


Hives


Skin rashes



Systematic hypersensitivity reactions


Aka anaphylaxis


Master cells and Basophils release immune stimulating chemicals throughout the body which caused widespread basal dilation which leads to low blood pressure and heart failure hives and Asthma may also accompany an anaphylactic reaction