9Th Grade Biology

Front 1

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference.

Back 1

Active Transport

Front 2

One of a number of different forms of a gene.

Back 2

Allele

Front 3

Compound with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other end. monomers of protein.

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Amino Acid

Front 4

the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move towards the opposite poles.

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Anaphase

Front 5

flowering plant; bears its seeds within a layer of tissue that protects the seed.

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Angiospore

Front 6

flower structure in which haploid male gametophytes are produced.

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Anther

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front

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anterior

Front 8

kingdom of unicellular prokaryotes whose cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan. have unusual lipids, genes are arranged more like eukaryotes, live in extreme conditions.

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archaebacteria

Front 9

process by which a single parent reproduces by itself.

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asexual reproduction

Front 10

chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.

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autosome

Front 11

principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine.

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base pairing

Front 12

body plan in which only a single, imaginary line can divide the body into two equal halves; characteristics of worms, anthropods, and chordates.

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bilateral symmetry

Front 13

type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells.

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binary fission

Front 14

classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name.

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Binomial Nomenclature

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process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and form one part of the biosphere to another.

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Biogeochemical Cycle

Front 16

group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities.

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biome

Front 17

part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere.

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Biosphere

Front 18

compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body

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carbohydrate

Front 19

Photo-takes in carbon from air and makes it available to animals
Cell. Resp.-returns the carbon back to the air
Decomposer-some carbon is put into the soil
Human Activities-burn fossil fuels and releases carbon into the air.

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Carbon Cycle

Front 20

series of events cells go through as they grow ad divide.

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Cell Cycle

Front 21

cells are going to do different things

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cell differentiation

Front 22

idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells.

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cell theory

Front 23

process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

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Cellular respiration

Front 24

concentration of sense organ and nerve cells at the front of an animal’s body.(having a head)

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cephalization

Front 25

organelle found in the cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy.

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chloroplasts

Front 26

member of the phylum Chordata; animal that has, for at least some stage in life, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, a notochord, pharyngeal pouches, and a muscular tail.

Back 26

chordate

Front 27

threadlike structure inside the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next.

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chromosome

Front 28

short hairlike projections similar to a flagellum; produces movement in many cells.

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cilia

Front 29

group of similar orders

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class

Front 30

symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.

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commensalism

Front 31

cavity in the cytoplasm of some protests that collects water and discharges it from the cell.

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contractile vacuole

Front 32

taking pollen from one plant and putting it on a different plant.

Back 32

cross pollination

Front 33

protective structure formed by protists

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cyst

Front 34

division of the cytoplasm during cell division

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cytokinesis

Front 35

material inside the cell membrane- not including the nucleus.

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cytoplasm

Front 36

network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement.

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cytoskeleton

Front 37

term used to refer to a tree that sheds its leaves during a particular season each year.

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deciduous

Front 38

organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter.

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decomposer

Front 39

organism that feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter.

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detritivore

Front 40

angiosperm whose seeds have two cotyledons.

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dicot

Front 41

process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated.

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diffusion

Front 42

term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes.

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diploid

Front 43

two sugars chemically bonded

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disaccharide

Front 44

helicase unzips it and DNA polymerase rebuilds it

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DNA Replication

Front 45

period of time during which a plant embryo is alive but not growing.

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dormancy

Front 46

top

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dorsal

Front 47

scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment.

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ecology

Front 48

collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving environment.

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ecosystem

Front 49

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane.

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endocytosis

Front 50

internal membrane system in cells in which lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modified.

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endoplasmic reticulum

Front 51

structural support located inside the body of an animal

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endoskeleton

Front 52

type of spore formed when a bacterium produces a thick internal wall that encloses its DNA and a portion of its cytoplasm.

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endospore

Front 53

protein that acts as a biological catalyst

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enzyme

Front 54

plant that is not rooted in soil but instead grows directly on the body of another plant.

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epiphyte

Front 55

when the concentration of a solute is the same throughout a solution.

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equilibrium

Front 56

wetlands formed where rivers meet the ocean.

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estuary

Front 57

kingdom of unicellular prokaryotes whose cell walls are made up of peptidoglycan.

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eubacteria

Front 58

process by which a cell releases large amounts of material.

Back 58

exocytosis

Front 59

external skeleton; tough external covering that protects and supports the body of many invertebrates.

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exoskeleton

Front 60

movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels.

Back 60

facilitated diffusion

Front 61

group of genera that share many characteristics.

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family

Front 62

aids in movement in bacteria

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flagella

Front 63

food chainseries of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

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food chain

Front 64

network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem.

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food web

Front 65

kingdom composed of heterotrophs; many obtain energy and nutrients from dead organic matter.

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fungi

Front 66

specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction.

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gamete

Front 67

group of closely related species, and the first part of the scientific name in binomial nomenclature.

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genus

Front 68

stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum.

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golgi apparatus

Front 69

natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth’s atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases.

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greenhouse effect

Front 70

father of genetics

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gregor mendel

Front 71

seed plant that bears its seeds directly on the surface of cones.

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gymnospore

Front 72

term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes.

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haploid

Front 73

passing of traits

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heredity

Front 74

individual that has both male and female reproductive organs.

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hermaphrodite

Front 75

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment.

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homeostasis

Front 76

term used to refer to chromosomes that each has a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent.

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homologous chromosome

Front 77

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes.

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hypertonic

Front 78

tiny filaments that makes up a multicellular fungus or a water mold.

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hyphae

Front 79

possible explanation for a set of observations or possible answer to a scientific question.

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hypothesis

Front 80

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes.

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hypotonic

Front 81

compounds without carbon bonds traditionally non-life

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inorganic

Front 82

outer covering of an animal

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integument

Front 83

period of the cell cycle between cell divisions

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interphase

Front 84

animal that does not have a backbone, or vertebral column.

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invertebrate

Front 85

when the concentration of two solutions is the same.

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isotonic

Front 86

large taxonomic group, consisting of closely related phyla.

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kingdom

Front 87

immature stage of an organism that looks different from the adult form.

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larva

Front 88

symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism.

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lichen

Front 89

macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes.(cell membranes, cushion, energy source)

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lipid

Front 90

virus inbeds its DNA into ours, replicates, then goes through lytic cycle

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lysogenic cycle

Front 91

cell organelle filled with enzymes need to break down certain materials in the cell.

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lysosome

Front 92

process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell.

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meiosis

Front 93

set of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes.

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metabolism

Front 94

second stage of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

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metaphase

Front 95

a type of archaebacteria

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methanogen

Front 96

periodic movement and return of animals from one place to another.

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migration

Front 97

cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use.

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mitochondrion

Front 98

part of eukaryotic cell division during which the nucleus divides.

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mitosis

Front 99

angiosperm whose seeds have one cotyledon.

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monocot

Front 100

small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers.

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monomer

Front 101

single sugar molecule

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monosaccharide

Front 102

(messenger RNA) RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell.

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mRNA

Front 103

three or more alleles for the same trait.

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multiple allele trait

Front 104

change in a DNA sequence affects genetic information

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mutation

Front 105

symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship.

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mutualism

Front 106

many hyphae tangled together into a thick mass; comprises the bodies of multicellular fungi.

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Mycelium

Front 107

process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest.

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Natural selection

Front 108

cell that carries messages throughout the nervous system.

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neuron

Front 109

full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions.

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niche

Front 110

a->t g->c

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nitrogen base

Front 111

process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia

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nitrogen fixation

Front 112

plant that lacks vascular tissue

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nonvascular plant

Front 113

group of similar families.

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order

Front 114

group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions.

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organ

Front 115

group of organs that work together to perform a specific function.

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organ system

Front 116

specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell

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organelle

Front 117

compounds with carbon bonds, traditionally from life

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organic

Front 118

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

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osmosis

Front 119

symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives I or on another organism (the host) and consequently harms it.

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parasitism

Front 120

transport of a substance across the cell membrane without the use of energy.

Back 120

passive transport

Front 121

studies of disease causing agents

Back 121

pathology

Front 122

process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell.

Back 122

phagocytosis

Front 123

vascular tissue responsible for the transport of nutrients and the carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis.

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phloem

Front 124

process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygeb and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches.

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photosynthesis

Front 125

group of closely related class.

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phylum

Front 126

process by which a cell takes in liquid through the surrounding environment.

Back 126

pinocytosis

Front 127

female reproductive part of a plant

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pistil

Front 128

tiny, free-floating organisms that occur in aquatic environments.

Back 128

plankton

Front 129

transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structure to the female reproductive structure.

Back 129

pollination

Front 130

trait controlled by two or more genes.

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polygenic trait

Front 131

large compound formed from combinations of many monomers.

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polymer

Front 132

large macromolecule formed from monosaccharides.

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polysaccharide

Front 133

back

Back 133

posterior

Front 134

first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus.

Back 134

prophase

Front 135

macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen; need by the body for growth and repair and to make up enzymes.

Back 135

protein

Front 136

process in which proteins are made

Back 136

protein synthesis

Front 137

any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or fungus.

Back 137

protist

Front 138

temporary projection of cytoplasm, or a “false foot,” used by some protists for feeding or movement.

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pseudopod

Front 139

animal-like protists

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protozoa

Front 140

body plan in which body parts repeat around the center of the body, characteristics of sea anemones and sea stars.

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radial symmetry

Front 141

small particle in which proteins are assembled; made of RNA and protein.

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ribosome

Front 142

type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes.

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rRNA

Front 143

lives off dead decaying things

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saprophyte

Front 144

plant that seeds

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seed plant

Front 145

only certain things can pass through the membrane

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selectivley permeable

Front 146

it pollinates itself

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self-pollination

Front 147

one of two chromosomes that determine an individual’s sex.

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sex chromosome

Front 148

gene located on the X or Y chromosome.

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sex-linked trait

Front 149

process by which cells from two different parents unite to produce the first cell of a new organism.

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sexual reproduction

Front 150

group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

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species

Front 151

male part of the flower, made up of an anther and a filament.

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stamen

Front 152

relationship in which two species live closely together.

Back 152

symbiosis

Front 153

discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name.

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taxonomy

Front 154

fourth and final stage of mitosis, during which the chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of dense material.

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telophase

Front 155

group of similar cells that perform a particular function.

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tissue

Front 156

specific characteristic that varies from one individual to the another.

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trait

Front 157

DNA to RNA

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transcription

Front 158

mRNA into amino acids.

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translation

Front 159

loss of water from a plant through its leaves.

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transpiration

Front 160

type of RNA that transfers amino acids to ribosomesduring protein synthesis.

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tRNA

Front 161

cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.

Back 161

vacuole

Front 162

plant that has vascular tissue

Back 162

vascular plant

Front 163

bottom

Back 163

ventral

Front 164

animal that has a vertebral column, or backbone.

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vertebrate

Front 165

study of viruses

Back 165

virology

Front 166

same thing as lytic cycle

Back 166

virulent

Front 167

evaporation > condensation > precipitation > runoff > seepage > root uptake > transpiration+evaporation >>

Back 167

water cycle

Front 168

vascular tissue that carries water.

Back 168

xylem

Front 169

fertilized egg.

Back 169

zygote

Front 170

bacteria-1) decompose plants and animals returning nitrogen to soil
2)nitrogen fixation-makes it available to plants
3) dinitrification- some bacteria break down nitrogen compounds in soil and return it to the air
Plants- make it available to animals
animals-take nitrogen from plants and animals and return nitrogen to the soil after death during decomposition. Some nitrogen is returned through waste . we use nitrogen to make protein

Back 170

nitrogen cycle

Front 171

1)state question
2)research
3)make hypothesis
4)experiment
5)collect data
6)analyze the data
7)make a conclusion

Back 171

scientific method