9Th Grade Archeology Unit

Front 1

Archaeology

Back 1

- a method for studying past human cultures and analyzing material evidence

Front 2

Archaeological Site

Back 2

- a place where human activity occurred and material remains were left

Front 3

Artifact

Back 3

- any object significantly modified and used by humans

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Historical Reconstruction

Back 4

- the end product of archaeological research

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Anthropology

Back 5

- science of humans

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Inference

Back 6

- conclusion from observations

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Hypothesis

Back 7

- a proposed explanation from facts

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Observation

Back 8

- recognizing a fact

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Anthropology

Back 9

-study of humans

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Anthropomorphic

Back 10

-human shape

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Propitious

Back 11

- good shape/body

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Anthropomorphic vessel

Back 12

- pot

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Anthropoid

Back 13

- refers to apes, or monkeys, humanlike animals

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Paleopathology

Back 14

-old disease

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Paleo-ethno-botanists

Back 15

- Old-ethnic-plants

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Subs of Anthropology

Back 16

Physical
Cultural

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Subs of Physical

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Forensic
Evolution
Primatology

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Physical

Back 18

-studies human evolution

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Forensic

Back 19

experts at human skeletons

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Primatology

Back 20

study of primates/apes

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Cultural

Back 21

evolution of cultures,

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Subs of Cultural

Back 22

Linguistics
Archeology
Ethnology

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Ethnology

Back 23

study living people that are ancestors of -non-industrialized societies
-helps archeologists learn about cultures before

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Archeology

Back 24

- studies material remains to describe human behavior

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Linguistics

Back 25

- study language variations and changes

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Ideology

Back 26

- belief system

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Social Structure

Back 27

- way the society organizes itself

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Behavior patterns

Back 28

- types of behavior, agricultural, hunting, cooking etc

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Hunting and gathering

Back 29

- of animals and plant foods

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Pastoral

Back 30

- herding animals have a nomadic life

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Agricultural

Back 31

- horticultural: gather enough for families
-intensive agriculture: gather for a lot of people, has a cast society

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types of behavior patterns

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Hunting and Gathering
Pastoral
Agricultural

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Bands

Back 33

-nomadic
-hunters and gatherers
-25-50 people, shared their talents: shared their food from hunting and people shared there picking berries skills
-everyone and everything was equal to e/o

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Tribes

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- bigger, leadership based on ability to hunt
-practiced reciprocity
-animists: they were a part of nature not above
- women were farmers, men were hunters and warriors

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Chiefdoms

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- chief somewhat based on ability
-ranked society,
-agriculture was invented
-ruler was descendents of god

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States

Back 36

-ranked, like chiefdoms
-reinforced religious beliefs,
-had markets, factories
-like societies today

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Feature

Back 37

- the context around where an artifact is found like bricks and sipapu

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Ecofacts

Back 38

-have cultural relevance but aren’t modified by humans like plants and wild animals

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Sites

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- clusters of artifacts, ecofacts, and features

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Surface sites and buried site

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underwater or ground

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Regions

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- geographically defined area with interrelated human communities

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Matrix

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- physical stuff that surrounds and supports the artifacts

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Provenience

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- the location of this artifact, like lateral and longitude used to state where a place is

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Association

Back 44

- two or more remains occurring together

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Context

Back 45

-can tell about an artifact from where it is located
-primary: undisturbed, burials and tombs, midden
-secondary: disturbed, bioturbation, overlapping burials, tomb robbers

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Midden

Back 46

-garbage pits, primary context, have layers of stratification,
-Bioturbation-disturbance of animals of garbage
-explains why Basket maker and Pueblo stuff is mixed in together

Front 47

Clusters

Back 47

-archeological data found in association of e/o

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Experimental Archeology

Back 48

- reconstructs techniques used before like flint knapping

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Social Archeology

Back 49

- reconstruction of social cat systems

Front 50

First American Indians

Back 50

- hunters and gatherers, 15,000-12,000 years ago, bands, stayed in rock shelters,

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Basket Maker II

Back 51

-Lived in rock shelters
-Made baskets for cooking and storage
-5 ft. tall, men w/ long hair and women with short- preserved because of the dry area they lived in
-Collected seeds, nuts, fruit, berries, and were cooked in baskets
-Lots of hunting and little agriculture
-Used Atlatl: like a spear but part of it stayed in the hand and part detached
- Had Yucca sandals

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Basket Maker III

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-Pithouses,
-Pottery: plain gray but elaborate baskets
-More agriculture, more corn
- ceremonial- kivas were underground and had a sipapu: believed that the spirits came through that hole
- bow and arrow: more accurate
-turkey was a domesticated animal, bow and awls used for sowing
-Manos and Matates and jewelry

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Pueblo I

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-Heads flattened from boards from the cradle
-Houses were surface dwellings, most activities outside
-Had kivas with fires and sipapu
-Pottery experimented with different shapes
-Black and white designed pottery

Front 54

Pueblo II

Back 54

-Became a chiefdom (ranked society) before tribes
-Evidence- tall, well formed: have been eating more meat and buried with jewels
-Great Kivas
-Traded stuff- Jade and carried things

Front 55

Pueblo III

Back 55

-Moved in cliff overhangs for protection
-Went south b/c there was a drought (from tree rings thick ring lots of water, thin line little or no water
-Had logs on kivas- burned the wood and preserved it