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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
inaapropriate sentiments are ignored and the opposite is adopted?
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…rxn formation
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hypercalcemia of SCC of the lung and others is due to what?
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…PTrH…
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achondroplasia is an activating mutation of?
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…FbG – 3 and is autosomal dominant…
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what are the fewatures of achondorplasia?
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…large head saddle nose normal spine and short limbs…
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calcium binding troponin C does what?
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…moves tropomyosin away from the myosin binding site on actin…
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cross-bridges between myosin and actin will persist if?
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…ATP is not available..
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tropomyosin does what?
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…prevents crosslinking between actin and myosin…
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…prevents crosslinking between actin and myosin…
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tropomyosin does what?
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released calcium binds troponin and removes tropomyosin this allows?
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…myosin crossbridge ADP – phosphate complex to bind actin…
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released calcium binds troponin and removes tropomyosin this allows?
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…myosin crossbridge ADP – phosphate complex to bind actin…
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after myosin binds actin what happens?
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… the adp phosphate complex is released…
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after myosin binds actin what happens?
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… the adp phosphate complex is released…
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for detachment of the myosin and actin cross bridge?
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…a new atp is required…
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what is the difference between smooth muscle contration and skeletal?
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…myosin light chain kinase phosphorylates the myosin light chains activating myosin to bind actin in smooth muscle cells…
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what is the difference between smooth muscle contration and skeletal?
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…myosin light chain kinase phosphorylates the myosin light chains activating myosin to bind actin in smooth muscle cells…
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common mutations leading to EDS phenotyps are?
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..lysyl oxidase and procollagen peptidase enzymes…
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fibrillin I is a major component of?
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…microfibrils that form a sheath around elastin…
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fibrillin I is a major component of?
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…microfibrils that form a sheath around elastin…
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anti-topoisomerase?
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…SCl-70 systemic sclerosis…
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anti-topoisomerase?
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…SCl-70 systemic sclerosis…
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sustained involuntary muscle contractions?
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…dystonia not myoclonus (myoclunus is lighting like jerks)…
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blepharospasm
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…dystonia causing forceable closure of the eyelid..
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hiccups and hypnic jerks are examples of physiologic?
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…myoclonus…
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why is it that glucocorticoidslower bone density?
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…they GI absorption of calcium inhibit collagen synthesis by osteoblasts, decrease GnRH causeing hypogonadism, and increase urinary calcium loss…
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the collagen molecule consists of three polypeptides of alpha-chains held together by?
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..hydrogen bonds…
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the collagen molecule consists of three polypeptides of alpha-chains held together by?
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..hydrogen bonds…
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to fold a triple helix of collagen every third amino acid must be?
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…glycine…
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to fold a triple helix of collagen every third amino acid must be?
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…glycine…
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to fold a triple helix of collagen every third amino acid must be?
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…glycine…
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important in osteoid mineralization?
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…vitamin D…
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increased unminerlized osteoids and widening of osteoid seams?
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…D def…
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increased unminerlized osteoids and widening of osteoid seams?
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…D def…
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increased unminerlized osteoids and widening of osteoid seams?
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…D def…
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finding of osteoporosis?
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…trabecular thinning with fewer interconnections…
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finding of osteoporosis?
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…trabecular thinning with fewer interconnections…
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hyperparathyroidism increases osteoclast activation resulting in?
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…SUBPERIOSTEAL THINNING…
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hyperparathyroidism increases osteoclast activation resulting in?
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…SUBPERIOSTEAL THINNING…
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hyperparathyroidism increases osteoclast activation resulting in?
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…SUBPERIOSTEAL THINNING…
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histologically osteopetrosis is characterized by?
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…the persistence of unmineralized spongiosa, in the medullary canals, in normal individuals the spongiosa is replaced by BM…
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histologically osteopetrosis is characterized by?
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…the persistence of unmineralized spongiosa, in the medullary canals, in normal individuals the spongiosa is replaced by BM…
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In adults parvovirus can cause/
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…arthritis involving the PIPs metacarpal knees and ankle joints and like RA it is usually symmetric…
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In adults parvovirus can cause/
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…arthritis involving the PIPs metacarpal knees and ankle joints and like RA it is usually symmetric…
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unilateral erector spinae contraction causes?
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…flexion…
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bilateral erector spinae contraction causes?
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…extension…
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forms the posterior wall of the spinal canal?
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…ligamentum flavumm…
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cutaneous manifestations of dermatomyositosis?
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…. gottrons papules and heliotrope rashj…
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antibodies specific for dermatomyositis?
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…ani-jo..
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antibodies specific for dermatomyositis?
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…ani-jo..
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what are T-tubules?
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…invaginations into the extracellular space basically…
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in skeletal muscle one T-tuble contacts two terminal cisterns froing?
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…a triad at the junction of the A-band and the I band…
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because A-I T-tubules are constituents of the cell membrane they?
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…they consist of a phosphlipid bilayer with a large number of voltage-gated calcium channels dihydropyridine receptors located in close proximity to ryanodine receptors on the terminal cisterns of the SR…
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because A-I T-tubules are constituents of the cell membrane they?
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…they consist of a phosphlipid bilayer with a large number of voltage-gated calcium channels dihydropyridine receptors located in close proximity to ryanodine receptors on the terminal cisterns of the SR…
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ryanodine receptors are located on the terminal cisterns of the SR which are in close proximity to friggin AI – T-tubules, and they are?
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…regulators of calcium release channels that open under the influence of activated dihyropyridine channels on the T-tubules…
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Myotonic dystrophy is what?
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…AD disease of abnormal myotin protein kinase resulting in trinucleotide repeat expansion…
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Myotonic dystrophy is what?
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…AD disease of abnormal myotin protein kinase resulting in trinucleotide repeat expansion…
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muscle weakness and cramping during exercise resulting from failure of muscle glycogen breakdown due to defect in myophosphorylase?
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…Mcardle disease…
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muscle weakness and cramping during exercise resulting from failure of muscle glycogen breakdown due to defect in myophosphorylase?
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…Mcardle disease…
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the arm and scapula fall away from the clavicle?
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… if subluxation of the AC joint results in rubture of the AC ligament which is suppose…
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IP3 second messenger system begins with binding of hormone to its receptor on the cell surface causing?
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…the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of the G protein associated with this receptor, this activated protein undergoes conformational change and uncovers phospholipase C…
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IP3 second messenger system begins with binding of hormone to its receptor on the cell surface causing?
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…the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of the G protein associated with this receptor, this activated protein undergoes conformational change and uncovers phospholipase C…
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directly able to stimulae PKC (synergistic with calcium)?
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…DAG…
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directly able to stimulae PKC (synergistic with calcium)?
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…DAG…
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what are herberdens and bouchards nodes respectively?
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…bony swelling of the DIP and PIP due to osteophyte formation seen in osteoarthritis…
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what are herberdens and bouchards nodes respectively?
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…bony swelling of the DIP and PIP due to osteophyte formation seen in osteoarthritis…
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prone to repetitive impingement trauma between the hmoral head and the acromium is the?
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…supraspinatus…
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prone to repetitive impingement trauma between the hmoral head and the acromium is the?
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…supraspinatus…
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prone to repetitive impingement trauma between the hmoral head and the acromium is the?
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…supraspinatus…
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the supraspinatus originates on the supraspinous fossa and?
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…inserts on the superior portion of the head of the humerus and is primarily an abductor of the arm?
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the supraspinatus originates on the supraspinous fossa and?
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…inserts on the superior portion of the head of the humerus and is primarily an abductor of the arm?
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…the supraspinatus is what?
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…primarily an abductor of the arm…
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…the supraspinatus is what?
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…primarily an abductor of the arm…
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important flexor of the humerus is what?
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…the anterior deltoid segment…
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medial rotation of the humerus is accomplished by what?
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…the subscapularis muscle which originates on the subscapular fossa and inserts onto the lesser tubercle of the humerus…
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medial rotation of the humerus is accomplished by what?
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…the subscapularis muscle which originates on the subscapular fossa and inserts onto the lesser tubercle of the humerus…
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medial rotation of the humerus is accomplished by what?
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…the subscapularis muscle which originates on the subscapular fossa and inserts onto the lesser tubercle of the humerus…
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wht are the common mutations leading to EDS phenotype?
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…mutations in lysyl hydroxylase or procollagen peptidase enzymes…
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rer bound ribosomes translate pro-acollagen mRNA in the?
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…cytosol and extrude them into the rer…
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after moving into the rer from being translated in the cytoplasm what happens to collagen?
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…the hydrophobic signal peptide at the N-terminus is cleaved to form procollagen alpha-chains…
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after moving into the rer from being translated in the cytoplasm what happens to collagen?
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…the hydrophobic signal peptide at the N-terminus is cleaved to form procollagen alpha-chains…
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procollagen refers to collagen that has?
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… formed a triple helix but still contains the N and C terminal non helical regions procollagen is exported from the cell in this form and is cleaved into collagen fibrils outside the cell…
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procollagen refers to collagen that has?
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… formed a triple helix but still contains the N and C terminal non helical regions procollagen is exported from the cell in this form and is cleaved into collagen fibrils outside the cell…
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procollagen refers to collagen that has?
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… formed a triple helix but still contains the N and C terminal non helical regions procollagen is exported from the cell in this form and is cleaved into collagen fibrils outside the cell…
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defective cleavage of the N and C terminals of collagen results in?
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…more soluble collagen that does not properly crosslink resulting in joint laxity, loose skin and easy bruisability…
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defective cleavage of the N and C terminals of collagen results in?
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…more soluble collagen that does not properly crosslink resulting in joint laxity, loose skin and easy bruisability…
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easy bruisability is a hallmark of what?
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…eds…
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easy bruisability is a hallmark of what?
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…eds…
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What happens when the eye focuses on a near object?
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…contraction of the ciliary muscle causes relaxation of the zonulafibers allowing the lens to relax taking on a more convex shape
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What happens when the eye focuses on a near object?
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…contraction of the ciliary muscle causes relaxation of the zonulafibers allowing the lens to relax taking on a more convex shape
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when looking at a distant object what happens?
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…the cilliary muscle relaxes and the lens flattens due to outward radial tension exerted by the zonula fibers…
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when looking at a distant object what happens?
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…the cilliary muscle relaxes and the lens flattens due to outward radial tension exerted by the zonula fibers…
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near sighted aka
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…myopia…
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near sighted aka
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…myopia…
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myopia aka?
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near sightedness
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age related presbyopia may?
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…improvement in distant vision of people who are nearsighted…
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age related presbyopia may?
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…improvement in distant vision of people who are nearsighted…
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as a SERM raloxifene binds to estrogen receptors and exhibits tissue specific behavior that can imitate or antagonize the effects of natural estrogen for instance raloxifene has?
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…estrogen agonist activity in the bone, the cardiovasvular system and the blood while antagonistic activity in the breast and the uterus…
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as a SERM raloxifene binds to estrogen receptors and exhibits tissue specific behavior that can imitate or antagonize the effects of natural estrogen for instance raloxifene has?
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…estrogen agonist activity in the bone, the cardiovasvular system and the blood while antagonistic activity in the breast and the uterus…
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alendronate is a what?
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…bisphophonate analog of pyrophosphate…
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bisphosphonates are structural analogs of pyrophosphates an important component of?bisphosphonates are structural analogs of pyrophosphates an important component of?
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…hydroxyappetite…
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bisphosphonates are structural analogs of pyrophosphates an important component of?
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…hydroxyappetite…
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In addition to making hydroxyappetite more insolublue bisphosphonates?
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…decrease bone resorption by interfering with osteoclasts…
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absorption of bisphosphonates is extremely poor therefore people are advised to?
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…take these drugs in a fasting state with lots of water furthermore they have to sit up for thirty minutes after administration so to prevent reflux of the substances…
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bisphosphonates should be used carefully in what type of patients?
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…patients with renal failure because they are excreted unchanged in the urine…
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what are the four organ systems involved in ankylosing spondylitis?
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…M/S, C/V, Eyes, Resp…
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what are the four organ systems involved in ankylosing spondylitis?
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…M/S, C/V, Eyes, Resp…
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what are the M/S manifestations of Ankylosers?
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…peripheral enthesitis (inflammation a the site of insertion of tendons into bones, commonly effecting the tibial tuberosity, the patellar tendon, trochanters, distal ulna, and insertion of the Achilles (the calcaneous)…
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what are the M/S manifestations of Ankylosers?
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…peripheral enthesitis (inflammation a the site of insertion of tendons into bones, commonly effecting the tibial tuberosity, the patellar tendon, trochanters, distal ulna, and insertion of the Achilles (the calcaneous)…
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what are the respiratory consequences of ankylosers?
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…diminished chest wall expansion (due to enthesitis of costovertebral and sternal jxns) and apical fibrosis
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what are the C/V manifestations of ankylosers?
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…ascending aortitis leading to dilation of the aortic ring and aortic insufficiency
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what are the C/V manifestations of ankylosers?
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…ascending aortitis leading to dilation of the aortic ring and aortic insufficiency
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cv problems in ankylosin
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…ascending aortitis leading to dilation of the aortic ring and aortic insufficiency
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what are the ocular manifestations of ankylosing?
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…anterior uveitis…
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what are the ocular manifestations of ankylosing?
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…anterior uveitis…
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PTH act on osteoclasts indirectly by what?
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…pth causes osteoblasts to increse the production of RANKL and MCSF these two factors stimulate osteoclast precursors to differentiate into bone resorbing osteoclastasts…
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PTH act on osteoclasts indirectly by what?
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…pth causes osteoblasts to increse the production of RANKL and MCSF these two factors stimulate osteoclast precursors to differentiate into bone resorbing osteoclastasts…
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PTH act on osteoclasts indirectly by what?
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…pth causes osteoblasts to increse the production of RANKL and MCSF these two factors stimulate osteoclast precursors to differentiate into bone resorbing osteoclastasts…
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besides increasing MCSF nd RANKL in osteoclasts PTH also increases calcium in the blood by?
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…decreasing the release of ostoprotegerin which is a decoy receptor for rankl that decreases interaction between rankl and the receptors on clasts…
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besides increasing MCSF nd RANKL in osteoclasts PTH also increases calcium in the blood by?
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…decreasing the release of ostoprotegerin which is a decoy receptor for rankl that decreases interaction between rankl and the receptors on clasts…
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another name for 1,25 Vit D is?
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…calcitriol…
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t3 can do what to bone?
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…increse bone turnover by activating osteoclasts…
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