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152 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 main functions of the circulatory system |
Transport Homeostasis Protection |
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Transport |
Gasses, hormones, nutrient molecules, and waste materials |
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Homeostasis |
Regulation of internal temperature and transporting hormones |
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Protection |
Protects against blood loss from injuryand protects against disease |
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Pulmonary Circut |
Blood movingbetween heart and lungs |
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Systemic Circut |
Blood moving from the heart to the rest ofbody |
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Coronary Pathway |
Bloodpumped from the heart to the heart tissues with oxygenated blood |
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Pericardium |
The fluid-filled membrane that acts as a shock absorber and prevents friction |
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Septum |
Muscular wall that separates the left andright sides of the heart |
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Valves |
Ensure blood only flows in one direction |
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Atrium |
Chamber at thetop of the heart that fills with blood returningto the heart |
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Ventricle |
Chamber at thebottom of the heart that receive blood from the atria and pumps outof heart |
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Pulmonary Arteries |
Blood vesselsthat carry the blood from the right ventricle to the lungs |
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Pulmonary Veins |
Blood vesselsthat carry blood back from the lungs to the left atrium |
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Superior Vena Cava |
Collects deoxygenated blood from the head, chest, and arms and dumps blood into the right atrium |
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Inferior Vena Cava |
Collects deoxygenated blood from central and lower body and dumps blood into the right atrium |
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Aorta |
Largest blood vessel (artery) in the body Leaves theheart by way of the left ventriclecarrying oxygenated blood |
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Tricuspid (Right AV) valve |
Three flaps, separates right atrium from ventricle |
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Bicuspid(Mitral, Left AV) valve |
Two flaps, separates the left atrium from the left ventricle |
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Chordae Tendinae |
"heart strings" |
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Papillary Muscles |
Located in the ventricles of the heart They attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves |
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Semilunar (SL) Valves |
Half moon shaped valves found in pulmonary trunk and aorta |
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AV valves close |
LUB |
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SL valves close |
DUB |
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Heart murmur |
Abnormal heart sounds – produced when the valves are defective or have been damaged by disease |
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Arteries |
Thick, elastic walls made of smoothmuscle Carry blood away from heart, usually rich in O2 |
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Arteries branch into smaller... |
Arterioles |
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Capillaries |
Membrane one cell thick Tiny vessels where gases, nutrients and wastes are exchanged |
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Veins |
Thinner, non-elastic vessels (large diameter) Carry blood to the heart, usually O2 poor, contain valves |
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Capillaries merge into what? Which merge into what? |
Capillaries merge into venules and venules merge into a vein |
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Myogenic Muscle |
Keeps heart beating at 100 beats per minute at rest |
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Parasympathetic Stimulation |
Slows the heart rate to about 70 beats/min |
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Sinoatrial (SA) node |
Pacemaker Located in wall of right atrium |
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Atrioventricular (AV) node |
Transmits electrical signal through thebundle of His (in septum) which transmits to the Purkinje fibers (up the sidesof ventricles) |
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Purkinjefibers |
Causes the right and left ventricles to contract |
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The pathway of an electrical impulse in the heart |
1.SA node sends out electrical stimulusto cause atria to contract 2.Impulse reaches the AV node 3.Impulse then passes through thebundle of His 4.Impulse reaches left and right bundlebranches 5.Impulse continues through the Purkinje fibers andcauses the ventricles to contract from the bottom up and forces blood topulmonary artery and aorta. |
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Blood Pathway through the heart |
▪Superiorand inferior vena cavae – carry deoxygenated blood intoright atrium ▪Bloodflows from the right atrium into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve. ▪Bloodis pumped from the right ventricle, through the pulmonary semilunar valve intothe pulmonary trunk that splits into the right and left pulmonary arteries ▪Oxygenatedblood returns from the lungs through the pulmonaryveins ▪Bloodenters the leftatrium ▪Bloodflows past the bicuspidvalve into the left ventricle ▪Leftventricle pumps out past the aorticsemilunar valve into the aorta ▪Bloodin the aorta flows to the body |
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Blood flow overview |
Heart - Aorta - Arteries - Arterioles - Capillaries - Venules - Veins - Heart - Lungs |
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Pulse |
Change in diameter of the arteries following heart contractions |
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Precapillary sphincter muscle |
Controls blood flow from arterioles to capillaries |
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Capillaries provide cells and tissues with... |
Oxygen, glucose and amino acids |
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Bruising |
Blood rushes into spaces between tissue |
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Cells in body bathed in... |
Interstitial fluid (extracellular fluid) |
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Varicose Veins |
Veins have permanently lost their abilityto carry blood from the legs to the heart Too hard to work against gravity The veins overfill giving them typicalunsightly bulging appearance. |
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Venous Valves |
Open in ONE direction (UNIDIRECTIONAL) Pushes blood to heart with help ofskeletal muscles contractions Prevent blood from falling back down Blood pools on top of valve Once blood pressure is great enough,valves are forced open |
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Sympathetic Nervous System |
Fight orFlight Increasesheart rate Increasesblood flow to tissues Increasesblood flow to brain and leg muscles Vasodilation/vasoconstriction |
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Parasympathetic Nervous System |
Rest anddigestion Decrease heartrate Conservationof energy |
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Electrocardiographc (ECG) |
Instrument to measure electricalactivity of the heart |
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P wave |
Atrial contraction Represents electrical impulses traveling from SA node to AV node |
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QRS wave |
Ventricular contractions Impulse travels down Bundle of His and up Purkinje fibers |
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T wave |
Ventricular recovery (relaxation) Represents recovery of the impulse |
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Average resting heart |
Adults: 70-75 Children: 80-100 |
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Tachycardia |
Rapid heart rate 100 + beats per minute Caused my exercise, drugs (caffeine,nicotine) |
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Bradycardia |
Very slow heart rate Less than 60 beats/minute Fit individuals with strong hearts mayhave a slower heart rate |
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Systolic pressure |
Pressure that blood exerts on vessels during ventricular contraction (forcing blood out of heart to arteries) |
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Diastolic pressure |
Pressure that blood exerts on vessels during ventricular relaxation (ventricles filling with blood) |
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Normal blood pressure |
120/80 |
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Blood Pressure |
mmHg Sphygmomanometer |
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Systolic pressure will fall when |
There is reduced filling of the ventricle (like that caused by an internal bleeding/hemorrhage) |
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Stroke volume |
Amount of blood forced out of the heart in each beat (ml/beat) Larger stroke volume = stronger heart Average: 70ml/beat |
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Cardiac Output |
Amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute Heart rate x stroke volume Average: 4900 mL/min |
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Factors affecting blood pressure |
Eating, caffeine,nicotine, high altitudes, stress, atherosclerosis, exercise |
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Blood pressure is determined by: |
Cardiac Output Arteriole Resistance |
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Arteriole Resistance |
Diameter of arterioles changes in response to hormones or nervous system controls |
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Vasoconstriction |
Results in less blood flow to area, therefore increasing blood pressure Causes: epinephrine (except heart, muscle, and skin), sympathetic nerve stimulation (except skeletal & cardiac – dilation) |
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Vasodilation |
Results in more blood flow to area, therefore decrease in blood pressure Causes: Acidaccumulation, CO2 accumulation,lactic acid accumulation |
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Baroreceptors |
Located in the walls of the aorta and carotid arteries and detect changes in blood pressure |
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Hypotension |
Too low of blood pressure |
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Hypertension |
Too high of blood pressure |
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Thermoregulation |
Keeping the temperature of the bodywithin a range that allows the cells to function normally |
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Hypothalamus |
Body temperature is regulated |
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Vasodilatation |
Increases heat loss |
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Vasoconstriction |
Decreases heat loss (conserves heat)– Pre-cap.sphincter can close completely to an area |
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Arteriosclerosis |
Thickeningand hardening of arteries Results in a loss of elasticity |
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Atherosclerosis |
Specificform of arteriosclerosis Depositof fatty plaques in artery |
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Angina |
Chest pain or discomfort Heart muscle does not get enough oxygen-rich blood Symptom of coronary heart disease Plaque in coronary artery |
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Myocardial Infarction (“HeartAttack”) |
Interruptionof blood supply to the heart Clotin coronary artery Atheroscleroticplaque plays a role Heartmuscle tissue dies |
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Aneurysm |
Abnormalballooning of an artery Causedby weakness in artery wall |
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Stroke |
Bloodflow to a part of the brain stops IfBrain cannot get enough blood and oxygen: ▪5seconds: Unconsciousness ▪1minute: Brain Cells begin to die ▪3minutes: Brain Damage ▪15minutes: Recovery impossible |
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Congenital Heart Defects |
Defectsin the structure of the heart or great vessels |
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Congenital |
Present at birth |
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Murmur |
One of more valves is not opening or closing properly |
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Holein the Heart |
Hole in septum – get mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood |
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Hypertension (“Silent Killer”) |
Consistenthigh bloodpressure which weakens blood vessels Increasedchance of stroke, aneurysm, heart attack, heart failure, kidney disease |
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Cardiac Catheterization |
A catheter is passed through a leg vein and up to aorta andheart Dyethat shows up on X-rays is injected into the catheter, the blood travelsthrough the heart and an image is seen on a screen Thispinpoints regions of blockage by showing where blood flow decreases Helpssurgeon see where they need to do surgery |
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Angioplasty |
Catheterhas tiny balloon attached that can be inflated to open up blocked blood vessel Bloodsamples can also be taken from the catheter to determine how much oxygen is inthe blood |
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Coronary Bypass |
Operation involves removing the patient's leg vein and grafting the vein into position into the heart The heart must be temporarily stopped to do this The heart is cooled and attached to a machine that will continue to push blood and supply oxygen/nutrients to the body |
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Components of Blood |
Plasma (55%) Blood Cells (45%) |
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Plasma |
Slightly basic Yellow incolour 90% water Organicsubstances – Proteins, sugars (anything that isnot a blood cell) CO2 Hormones Minerals Waste |
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Blood Cells |
Erythrocytes(red blood cells) Leukocytes(white blood cells) Thrombocytes(platelets) |
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Erythrocytes |
Makeup 44% of blood volume Bone Marrow in adults from stem cells Carry oxygen throughout body Lack cell nucleus (enucleated) Bi-concave in structure – increases SA Lifespan – 100-120 days |
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Erythropoiesis |
MakingRBC When oxygen levels are low, kidneyssecrete erythropoietin (a hormone), which stimulates the bone marrow to produceRBCs |
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Spleen |
Stores about 150 mL of red blood cells for emergency situations Filters blood and destroys worn out RBC |
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Leukocytes |
<1% of blood volume Bone Marrow, Thymus gland Cells of the immune system Wayfewer WBC than RBC (1:700) |
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Types of Leukocytes |
Granulocytes Agranulocytes |
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Granulocytes |
Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil |
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Agranulocytes |
Lymphoids: Lymphocytes Monocyte: Evolve into macrophage |
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Basophil |
Controlsinflammation by releasing histamines |
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Eosinophil |
Parasites/inflammation |
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Lymphocytes (2nd most numerous) |
Antibodyproduction |
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Macrophage |
Phagocytosis |
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Neutrophil (most numerous) |
Phagocytosis- bacteria |
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B cells |
Release antibodies |
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T cells |
Participatein immune response |
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Platelets - Thrombocytes |
Tiny cellfragments of cells from the bone marrow No nucleus andbreak down quickly Playa key role in blood clotting – prevents blood loss |
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When platelets arrive at a rough surface (ie. cut), they rupture and release protein called... |
Thromboplastin |
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Thromboplastin combines with calcium ions (Ca2+) and activates a plasma protein called... |
Prothrombin |
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Prothrombin is transformed into... |
Thrombin |
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Thrombin is an enzyme which reacts with the protein... to form ... |
Fibrinogen (made in liver) to form fibrin |
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Fibrin |
Forms a mesh of fibres to close a wound and create a clot |
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Antigens |
Markers found on the surface of the red blood cells a person's blood type is classified by A cells ID Are inherited |
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Antibodies |
Proteins created by your body that bind to specific antigens to disable the pathogen specifically designed to target foreign invaders Y shaped Antibodies are found in the plasma |
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Four types of blood |
A : RBC have A antigens B : RBC have B antigens AB : RBC have A antigens and B antigens O : RBC have neither antigens |
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Agglutination |
Occurs if blood types are not compatible – can be deadly |
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BloodDonations |
Donating whole blood but it is then separated into its parts (RBC, WBC, plasma) |
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BloodTransfusion |
The transfer of only the blood cells, not the plasma, from one person to another This means that only antigens are transfused and not antibodies |
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Universal donor |
Type O |
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Universal recipient |
Type AB |
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Rh+ |
Dantigen present Rh+ do not haveanti-Rh antibodies |
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Rh- |
D antigen absent Rh- people do not usually have anti-Rh antibodies, unless they have been exposed to the D antigen |
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Anemia |
Reduced redblood cell concentration Reducedhemoglobin Irondeficiency Pale and fatigued |
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Hemophilia |
Insufficient clotting proteinInherited |
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Leukemia |
Cancer of white blood cell Toomany WBC but are immature and can not fight infection |
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Lymph |
Pale yellow – colourless fluid flowing through |
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Lymph nodes are located |
Neck, armpits, abdominal region & groin |
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Nodes contain ... that filterlymph |
White blood cells destroy bacteria and damaged cells and debris in the lymph |
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Lymphaticorgans aid in the creation of... |
Leukocytes |
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Lymphatic Organs |
Thymus Gland Spleen Lymph Nodes Bone Marrow |
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First two lines of defence in the immune system |
Non-specific immune responses |
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Last line of defence in the immune system |
Specific immune response |
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Skin |
Keratinized and secretes acidicsubstances |
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Mucus |
Traps particles |
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Cilia |
Catch particles |
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Saliva and tears |
Contain enzymes (saliva) and bacteriophages (tears) |
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Acidic stomach |
Destroys foreign substances |
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Second line of defense |
Macrophagesand neutrophils (phagocytes) are activated, but NO antibodies Damagedtissues release histamine Histaminecauses capillaries to swell and leak (releasing phagocytes) Phagocytes‘eat’ any bacteria and dead debris in infectedtissue |
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B-Lymphocytes (B-cells) |
Mature in bone marrow Plasma B and memory B |
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T-Lymphocytes (T-cells) |
Mature in the thymus Helper T, killer T, suppressor T and memory T |
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Plasma B cells |
Makeantibodies (200/sec) that matches the foreign invader’s antigen Bindingof foreign antigen to antibody results in disabling of pathogen |
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Memory B cells |
Remember the invader for next time sothat Abare made sooner in response |
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Helper T cells |
Recognizes antigens and give off chemical signals that stimulate macrophages, B cells, and other T cells |
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Killer T cells |
Puncture the membranes of infected cells (ex. cancer cells) Self destruct Releases lymphotoxins which cause cell lysis – thereby killing invader and itself! |
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SuppressorT cells |
Slows/turns off immune response to protect healthy tissues after invader is killed off |
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MemoryT cells |
Remain in bloodstream after immune response is shut down If antigen is encountered again, it will start immune response quickly (like memory B) |
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Third defense #1 |
Step 1: Monocytes circulating blood stream Identifyforeign cell Step 2: Monocytechanges into macrophage (“big eaters”) Adheresto organism, and slowly ‘eats’ it |
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Third defense #2 |
Step 3: Macrophageplaces intruder’s antigens on its outer membrane Alarmsother cells Step 4: HelperT cells respond by making copy of antigen HelperT cells activate plasma B-cells HelperT cells activate killer T cells |
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Third defense #3 |
Step 5: Plasma B-cells divide rapidly and also make antibodies that correspond to antigen (10 000/sec) Step 6: Antibodies attach to antigen (“antigen-Ab complex”) Clump together Easier for macrophages and Killer T cells to find and destroy the intruders Step 7: When theinvasion is under control, suppressorT-cell shut off the immune response |
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Third defense overview |
1.Macrophageengulfs invader and alerts T-cells 2.Helper T-cellsactivate B-cells and Killer T-cells 3.B-cellsproduce antibodies and memory cells 4.Antibodiesattach to invaders 5.Killer T-cellsdestroy invading cells 6.Memory T-cellskeep antigen info – immunity7.SuppressorT-cells turn off immune system |
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Allergies |
Auto-immunedisorder Immunesystem mistakes a harmless cell for an invader |
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Arthritis |
Autoimmunedisorder MutatedT-Cells Immuneresponse target bones and connective tissues |
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AIDS |
Develops from HIV Attacks and hides in Helper T-Cells therefore shutting down immune response |
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Forms of vaccines |
Killed – influenza, rabies Attenuated – mumps, measles, and rubella Toxoid – tetanus & diphtheria Subunit – Hep B, HPV |
