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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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b. neurotransmitters
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At synapses, ions move across cell membranes through chemically-gated channels. The gates are opened or closed by __________.
a. synapses b. neurotransmitters c. synaptic potentials |
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d. dendrites, the cell body, and the axon
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Passive channels are located in the cell membrane on the ______, _______, and the ______.
a. dendrites b. the cell body c. the axon d. dendrites, the cell body, and the axon |
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c. resting membrane potentials
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Passive channels are responsible for establishing the ______ _________ ________.
a. action potentials b. synaptic potentials c. resting membrane potentials |
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e. dendrites, and the cell body
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Most chemically-gated channels are located on the _________, and the _____ ______.
a. axon b. dendrites c. the cell body d. axon, dendrites, and the cell body e. dendrites, and the cell body |
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b. synaptic potentials
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Chemically-gated channels are responsible for producing _______ _______.
a. action potentials b. synaptic potentials c. resting membrane potentials |
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e. axon hillock, unmyelinated axons, nodes of Ranvier
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Most voltage-gated channels are found on the _______ ________, all along __________ _____, and at the in _____ ___ ________ in myelinated axons.
a. axon b. dendrites c. the cell body d. axon, dendrites, and the cell body e. axon hillock, unmyelinated axons, nodes of Ranvier |
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a. action potentials
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Voltage-gated channels are responsible for generation and propagation of the _______ _______.
a. action potentials b. synaptic potentials c. resting membrane potentials |
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a. open, close
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Binding neurotransmitter to a receptor on the postsynaptic cell causes a change in the shape of the receptor. This can ______, or in some cases ______, the ion channel.
a. open, close b. depolarize, repolarize |
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b. postsynaptic cell
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Neurotransmitters that bind to ion channels are said to act directly. They cause a brief, rapid change in the membrane potential of the _____________ ______.
a. presynaptic cell b. postsynaptic cell |
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a. acetylcholine, glutamate, GABA, and glycine
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Directly-acting neurotransmitters include ________, ________, ______, and _______.
a. acetylcholine, glutamate, GABA, and glycine b. acetylcholine, glutamate, GABA, and serotonin c. acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine |
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b. multiple binding
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We have shown only a single molecule of neurotransmitter binding to each channel. Ion channels typically have _________ _______ sites for neurotransmitters and require the binding of more than one neurotransmitter molecule to open or close the channel.
a. single binding b. multiple binding |
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a. excitatory postsynaptic potential, EPSP
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An __________ __________ __________, or ______, is produced when the movement of ions makes the inside of the cell more positive.
a. excitatory postsynaptic potential, EPSP b. inhibitory postsynaptic potential, IPSP |
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a. into the cell, out of the cell
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Ion channels at a typical excitatory synapse are specific for cations, having a watery pore large enough to pass both sodium and potassium. In a resting neuron, the electrochemical gradient for sodium is very large and causes sodium to move ______ _____ _____. The electrochemical gradient for potassium causes it to move ____ ____ ____, but the gradient is very small.
a. into the cell, out of the cell b. out of the cell, into the cell |
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a. into the cell
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Notice that more sodium moves _____ ______ _____ than potassium moves out.
a. into the cell b. out of the cell |
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b. depolarize
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Excitatory postsynaptic potentials ___________ neurons.
a. hyperpolarize b. depolarize |
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a. threshold
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If the neuron is depolarized to ___________, an action potential is generated.
a. threshold b. 0 millivolts c. +30 millivolts |
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a. inhibitory postsynaptic potential, IPSP
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An ___________ __________ __________, or ________, is produced when the movement of ions makes the inside of the cell more negative.
a. inhibitory postsynaptic potential, IPSP b. excitatory postsynaptic potential, EPSP |
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a. hyperpolarize, negative
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Ion channels at a typical inhibitory synapse are specific for chloride and the electrochemical gradient for chloride causes it to move into the cell. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials _________ neurons making the membrane potential more _________.
a. hyperpolarize, negative b. depolarize, positive |
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b. intracellular second messengers
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Some neurotransmitters bind to receptors that are separate from ion channels. This process most often leads to production of ______________ __________ _________, which ultimately alter ion channels. Such neurotransmitters are said to act indirectly.
a. chemically labile neurotransmitters b. intracellular second messengers |
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a. G protein
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The receptor is coupled to the ion channel by a ___ __________.
a. G protein b. neurotransmitter c. electrical synapse |
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a. GDP
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At rest, guanosine diphosphate, or _____, is bound to the G protein.
a. GDP b. GTP |
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a. G protein
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When norepinephrine binds to the receptor, the ___ ________ is activated, releases GDP, and binds guanosine triphosphate, or GTP, which is a high-energy molecule.
a. G protein b. neurotransmitter c. electrical synapse |
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b. enzyme
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Part of the activated G protein travels in the membrane and activates an ________, which induces production of a second messenger.
a. protein b. enzyme c. neurotransmitter |
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c. neurotransmitter
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The _______________ is the first messenger.
a. protein b. enzyme c. neurotransmitter |
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b. activates
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The second messenger activates an intracellular enzyme, which __________ a potassium ion channel and closes it.
a. deactivates b. activates |
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c. potassium
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In the resting neuron, movement of _________ out of the cell acts to hyperpolarize the cell.
a. sodium b. chloride c. potassium |
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a. less negative and depolarizing
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Closing these channels results in the membrane potential becoming ____ ______ and _________ the cell.
a. less negative and depolarizing b. more negative and hyperpolarizing |
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a. Depolarization, synaptic potential
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__________ of the cell by the indirect method is time consuming. The resulting __________ __________ is slow in onset, and long in duration.
a. Depolarization, synaptic potential b. Hyperpolarization, hyperpolarization |
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b. acetylcholine, glutamate, GABA, and serotonin
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Besides excitation, indirectly-acting neurotransmitters can also produce slow inhibition. The neurotransmitters __________, _________, ______, and ______ can act indirectly as well as directly, depending on the receptor to which they bind.
a. acetyl choline, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine b. acetylcholine, glutamate, GABA, and serotonin |
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a. norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine
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The catecholamines (____________, _________, and __________) and peptide neurotransmitters only act indirectly.
a. norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine b. glutamate, GABA, and serotonin |
