[8] Human Development (11Th Ed.) By Papalia

Front 1

What is Self-concept

Back 1

Sense of self; descriptive and evaluative mental picutre of one's abilities and traits.

Front 2

What is Self-definition

Back 2

Cluster of characteristics used to describe oneself.

Front 3

What is Single representations

Back 3

In neo-Piagetian terminology, first stage in development of self-definition, in which children describe themselves in terms of individual, unconnected characteristics and in all-or-nothing terms.

Front 4

What is Real self

Back 4

The self one actually is.

Front 5

What is Ideal self

Back 5

The self one would like to be.

Front 6

What is Representational mappings

Back 6

In neo-Piagetian terminology, second stage in development of self-definition, in which a child makes logical connections between aspects of the self but still sees these characteristics in all-or-nothing terms.

Front 7

What is Self-esteem

Back 7

The judgement a person makes about his or her self-worth.

Front 8

What is Initiative vs. Guilt

Back 8

Erikson's third stage in psychosocial development, in which children balance the urge to pursue goals with reservations about doing so.

Front 9

What is Gender roles

Back 9

Behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills, and traits that a culture considers appropriate for each sex; differ for males and females.

Front 10

What is Gender-typing

Back 10

Socialization process whereby children, at an early age, learn appropriate gender roles.

Front 11

What is Gender Identity

Back 11

Awareness, developed in early childhood, that one is male or female.

Front 12

What is Gender stereotypes

Back 12

Preconceived generalizations about male or female role behavior.

Front 13

What is Theory of sexual selection

Back 13

Darwin's theory that gender roles developed in response to men's and women's differing reproductive needs.

Front 14

What is Identification

Back 14

In Freudian theory, the process by which a young child adopts characteristics, beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors of the parent of the same sex.

Front 15

What is Gender constancy

Back 15

Awareness that one will always be male or female; also called "sex-category constancy."

Front 16

What are the three stages of Gender Constancy

Back 16

1) Gender identity
2) Gender stability
3) Gender consistency

Front 17

What is Gender-Schema theory

Back 17

Theory, proposed by Sandra Bem, that children socialize themselves in their gender roles by developing a mentally organized network of information about what it means to be male or female in a particular culture.

Front 18

What is Social cognitive theory

Back 18

Albert Bandura's expansion of social learning theory; holds that children learn gender roles through socialization.

Front 19

What is Functional play

Back 19

Play involving repetitive large muscular movements

Front 20

What is Constructive play

Back 20

Play involving use of objects or materials to make something.

Front 21

What is Dramatic play

Back 21

Play involving imaginary people or situations; also called "pretend play," "fantasy play," or "imaginative play."

Front 22

What are formal games with rules?

Back 22

Organized games with known procedures and penalties

Front 23

What is Discipline?

Back 23

Methods of molding children's character and of teaching them to exercise self-control and engage in acceptable behavior.

Front 24

What is Psychological aggression?

Back 24

Verbal attacks on a child by a parent that may result in psychological harm.

Front 25

What are Inductive techniques?

Back 25

Disciplinary techniques designed to induce desirable behavior by appealing to a child's sense of reason and fairness.

Front 26

What is power assertion?

Back 26

Disciplinary strategy designed to discourage undesirable behavior through physical or verbal enforcement of parental control.

Front 27

What is withdrawal of love?

Back 27

Disciplinary strategy that involves ignoring, isolating, or showing dislike for a child.

Front 28

What is "Authoritarian parenting?"

Back 28

In Baumrind's terminology, parenting style emphasizing control and obedience.

Front 29

What is "Permissive parenting?"

Back 29

In Baumrind's terminology, parenting style emphasizing self-expression and self-regulation.

Front 30

What is "Authoritative parenting?"

Back 30

In Baumrind's terminology, parenting style blending respect for a child's individuality with an effort to instill social values.

Front 31

What is "altruism?"

Back 31

Behavior intended to help others out of inner concern and without expectation of external reward; may involve self-denial or self-sacrifice.

Front 32

What is "Prosocial behavior?"

Back 32

Any voluntary behavior intended to help others.

Front 33

What is "Instrumental aggression?"

Back 33

Aggressive behavior used as a means of achieving a goal.

Front 34

What is "overt aggression?"

Back 34

Aggression that is openly directed at its target.

Front 35

What is "relational (social) aggression?"

Back 35

Aggression aimed at damaging or interfering with another person's relationships, reputation, or psychological well-being.