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39 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Cognition

the process by which:



  • INFORMATION is obtained through the senses transformed through the processes of PERCEPTION & THINKING
  • stored & retrieved through the processes of MEMORY
  • used in the processes of PROBLEM SOLVING & LANGUAGE

Concepts


  • basic units of thinking
  • categories of things, events, or qualities linked together by some common feature or features

Problem-solving

the use of information to reach a goal that is blocked


uses cognitive operations which include formulating the problem, understanding the elements of the problem, and generating and evaluating alternative solutions

cognitive operations


  • include formulating the problem
  • understanding the elements of the problem generating & evaluating alternative solutions

2 types of cognitive strategies used to solve problems


  • Algorithmic operations
  • Heuristic operations

Algorithmic operations

Systematic patterns of reasoning that guarantee finding a correct solution to a problem.

Heuristic operations

Efficient problem-solving strategies that do not guarantee a correct solution.

representativeness heuristic

The strategy of making judgments about the unknown on the assumption that it is similar to what we know.

divergent thinking

Thinking that is loosely organized, only partially directed, and unconventional.

convergent thinking

Thinking that is logical and conventional and that focuses on a problem.

mental set

A habitual way of approaching or perceiving a problem

Language

a symbolic code used in human communication

semantic content

The meaning in symbols, such as language.

syntax

The grammatical rules of a language.

semantic content

The meaning in symbols, such as language.

phonemes

The smallest units of sound in a language

morphemes

The smallest units of meaning in a language

generative

The ability to create an infinite set of utterances using a finite set of elements and rules.

linguistic relativity hypothesis


-AKA-


Whorfian Hypothesis



the structure of language influences thinking

deep structure

The underlying structure of a statement that holds its meaning.

surface structure

The superficial spoken or written structure of a statement

Intelligence


  • the cognitive abilities of an individual to learn from experience, to reason well, and to cope effectively with the demands of daily living
  • intelligence as a single factor vs. many different kinds of intellectual abilities

framing

The way in which a problem or question is presented

Gardner:


"Multiple Intelligences"


Seven Types of Intelligence

  1. Visual-Spatial
  2. Bodily-kinesthetic
  3. Musical
  4. Interpersonal
  5. Intrapersonal
  6. Linguistic
  7. Logical -Mathematical

Sternberg:


Triarchic Theory of Intelligence


  • intelligence: how well an individual deals with environmental changes throughout the lifespan
  • focuses on the cognitive components of intelligence

g

A broad general factor of intelligence, a concept endorsed by some investigators of intelligence.

intelligence quotient (IQ)


-AKA-


ratio IQ


  • a numerical value of intelligence derived from the results of an intelligence test
  • obtained by dividing an individual's mental age by his or her chronological age
  • replaced by the deviation IQ

deviation IQ

intelligence quotient based on the degree of deviation from average of the person's score on an intelligence test; compares individual scores to a normal distribution



IQ tests must be:


  • standardized
  • objective
  • reliable
  • valid
  • evaluated against proper norms

standardization

Administering a test in the same way to all individuals.

objectivity

Lack of subjectivity in a test question so that the same score is produced regardless of who does the scoring.

reliability

A test's ability to produce similar scores if the test is administered on different occasions or by different examiners.

validity

The extent to which a test measures what it's supposed to measure.

normal distribution

The symmetrical pattern of scores on a scale in which a majority of the scores are clustered near the center and a minority are at either extreme

norms

Standards (created by the scores of a large group of individuals) used as the basis of comparison for scores on a test.

tacit intelligence


-AKA-


"everyday intelligence"

The practical knowledge and skills needed to deal with everyday problems that are usually not taught in school.

fluid intelligence

The ability to learn or invent new strategies to deal with new problems

trial and error

The random application of one possible solution after another.

crystallized intelligence

The ability to use previously learned skills to solve familiar problems.