6Gr03: Life Cycle Assessment, Cleaner Design Technology And Minimising Waste Production

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Thank you

Many thanks to another contributor - 'Kattyne' for the production of these slides.

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I have made some adjustments and amendments since downloading

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Sustainability

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Safeguarding the world for ourselves and for future generations by using energy and other resources in a way that minimises their depletion and designing for a better quality of life

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LCA

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life cycle assessment

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Life cycle assessment

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technique widely used to asses and evaluate the impact of the product or packaging from cradle to grave through extraction, and processing of raw materials, the production phase and life cycle processes including distribution use and final disposal

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BSI and the ISO 14000 now demand

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continuous improvement in a company's environmental performance

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Life-cycle inventory

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Describes which raw materials are used and what emissions will occur during the life of a product

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Environmental inputs and outputs

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of raw materials and energy resources

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Economic inputs and outputs

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of products, components, or energy that are outputs from other processes

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A designer now needs to make sure that there product is

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easy to dismantle for repair or re-use, easy to seperate different materials for recycling, easy to remove components that need to be treated seperately for repair, use as few materials as possible, mark the materials/polymers in order to sort them correctly, avoid surface treatments

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Cyclic sustainability

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products made from biodegradable organic materials or from minerals that are continuously recycled, decreasing the levels of waste and pollution

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Solar sustainability

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Products in manufacture and use consume only renewable energy that is cyclic and safe; for example products made using renewable energy such as wind and photovoltaic

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Safe sustainability

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all releases air, water, land or space are 'food' for their systems; for example products that do not emit unnecessary pollutants or chemicals during their manufacture

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Efficient sustainability

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Products that in manufacture and use, require 90% less energy, materials and water than equivalent products did in 1990

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Social sustainability

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Products whose manufacture and use support basic human rights and natural justice e.g. fairtrade products, which reduces exploitation of the workforce by the fair share of profits

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How to make the 'raw materials' stage more sustainable

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Use less materials, use materials that have less of an environmental impact, consider recyclable materials, and adhere to relevant legislation

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How to make the 'manufacturing' stage more sustainable

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Reduce energy use, simplify processes where appropriate, reduce waste, and use natural resources efficiently, materials to reduce weight or quantity used, materials that release and require less energy

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How to make the 'distribution stage' more sustainable

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Reduce or lighten packaging, reduce mileage of transportation to customer, using local resources, saving fuel by reducing or lightening the amount of packaging used in products

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How to make the 'use' stage more sustainable

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Increase durability of products, encourage refill consumables where appropriate, use green credentials as a positive marketing strategy, and promote efficient use of a product, no built-in-obsolescence,

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How to make the 'end of life' stage more sustainable

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Make, reuse and recycle easier, reduce waste to landfill

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environmental impact of paper and board

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deforestation, environmental degradation of forest areas, distribution, chemical pollutants used in chemical wood pulp production and bleaching

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environmental impact of metal

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Environmental impact of mining activities e.g. energy use, open cast mining, transportation, vast amounts of energy required to process ores and resultant co2 emissions

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environmental impact of polymers

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environmental impact of drilling activities, e.g. energy use, destruction of habitats, vast amounts of energy required to refine oil and produce polymers with resultant co2 emissions

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Coca-cola '202' drinks can

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produces and distributes around 2 billion cans a year, the 202 can has a reduced end diameter, whilst maintaining the same volume of liquid, it reduced the raw materials used, reduced costs, lightweight

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Liquefied petroleum gas

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relatively good fuel availability, good range of kits availability, reduced emissions, increasingly good supply of used vehicles, low-cost fuel, reliable performance, not available for diesel vehicles, no factory-fit models available

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Bio ethanol

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reduced emissions, increased power, factory-fit models now available, renewable fuel, poor availability of fuel, limited availability of vehicles, similar price to diesel, up to 30% lower than the economy of petrol

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Compressed natural gas

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kits fit to existing diesel vehicles, similar economy to diesel, reduces diesel emissions, poor availability, slow refuelling times

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Hydrogen

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zero emissions, renewable fuel, very poor availability of fuel, limited availability of kits and vehicles

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Electricity

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zero emissions, very limited range, slow charging/refilling time

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waste is considered a

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lost profit

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Reduce

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reduce the quantities of materials, and use minimal packaging

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UK producer responsibility Obligations Regulations 1997 means

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manufacturers are obliged to reduce packaging use

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4Rs

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Recycle, recover, reuse, and reduce

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Governments envirowise program suggests that

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manufacturers need to consider the materials and designs they use, examine ways of eliminating or reducing packaging, optimise packaging use

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Ambler of Ballyclare

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implemented an environment policy focusing on minimising packaging waste, the financial benefits of which were £103,002 per year, and reduced use of vehicles for transportation lead to a 42% decrease in carbon monoxide emissions

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Advantages of reusing

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minimised extraction and processing of raw materials and the energy and resources required for recycling

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Example of reusing

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refillable containers

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Recover

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waste that cannot be readily recycled but can be incenterated in specialised power stations to generate electricity and provide hot water to the local area

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Tetra Pak education service claims

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You could run a 40W bulb for an hour and a half on the energy released when one aseptic carton is burnt

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Recycle

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takes waste materials and products and reprocessing them to manufacture something new

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paper and board can be recycled

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4-6 times

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disadvantage of recycling paper and board

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not all types can be recycled, can only be recycled 4-6 times, has to be mixed with virgin pulp, produce lower quality products, weaker, may be contaminated

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Corrugated board

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Made from 100% recycled paper and board for both single or multi-ply kraft liners and fluting provided iquid starch for extra stiffness and extra strength

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Newsprint

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Contains weak fibres due to its short lifespan

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How is paper recycled

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It is collected by the local authority, graded and sent to a paper mill, a hydrapuer filled with water turns the paper waste into a slush and large contaminants are removed, it is then filtered and screened to make it suitable for paper-making, depending on it's quality virgin pulp may be added.

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Pulp substitue grades

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Top quality waste than can be used with little need for cleaning, e.g. unprinted trimmings, used for printing and writting papers

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De-inking grades

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Grades from which the ink is removed before recycling, e.g. newspapers, used for tissues

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Kraft grades

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Long strong fibres that generally come from unbleached packaging materials, e.g. paper sacks, used for corrugated cases

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Lower grades

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consist of mixed papers that are uneconomic to sort due either to small quantities or the level of non-reycylable material being too high e.g. junk mail, used for middle layers of packaging papers and boards