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32 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

what are the layers of the scalp

SCALP
skin
subCutaneous tissue
aponeurosis (galea)
loose connective tissue
periosteum

SCALP


skin


subCutaneous tissue


aponeurosis (galea)


loose connective tissue


periosteum

what are the two major muscles of the scalp

epicranius muscle (frontal and occipital belly)
biventer muscle

epicranius muscle (frontal and occipital belly)


biventer muscle

what are the sensory nerve branches of trigeminal nerve to the face?

supratrochlear
supraorbital
lacrimal
auriculotemporal
infratrochlear
lateral nasal
zygomatic
infraorbital
buccal
mental

supratrochlear


supraorbital


lacrimal


auriculotemporal


infratrochlear


lateral nasal


zygomatic


infraorbital


buccal


mental

what are the sensory nerve branches of the facial nerve to the face?

temporal zygomatic
buccal
mandibular
cervical
temporal

zygomatic


buccal


mandibular


cervical

define emissary veins

blood vessels in the scalp pass through skull and drain into dural venous sinuses

blood vessels in the scalp pass through skull and drain into dural venous sinuses

define diploic veins

in spongy bone

in spongy bone

what are the 3 layers of meninges

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

dura mater


arachnoid mater


pia mater

describe the dura mater

meningeal and periosteal dura


together around brain, separate around sinuses and foramen magnus (meningeal continues in spinal cord)


envelops brain, spinal cord and cranial nerves




arterial supply: meningeal arteries


innervation: trigeminal

define the dura falx

when two layers of dura mater meet and separate 2 hemispheres
midline, vertically oriented partitions 
brain: cerebri
cerebellum: cereblli

when two layers of dura mater meet and separate 2 hemispheres


midline, vertically oriented partitions


brain: cerebri


cerebellum: cereblli

define dural sinus

periosteal dura adheres to the bone, meningial layer stays around brain
where they split, fibrous drainage spot
superior and inferior saginattal sinus
simple squamous endothelium

periosteal dura adheres to the bone, meningial layer stays around brain


where they split, fibrous drainage spot


superior and inferior saginattal sinus


simple squamous endothelium

why do we have sinuses and not veins in the brain

very strong, fibrous connective tissue

intracranial pressure (cerebral spinal fluid) is higher than venous pressure, would collapse veins


carries blood out of head


define the tentorium cerebelli

paired horizontal partitions atop cerebellar hemispheres
like tents off falx cerebri at right angles
straight and transverse sinus

paired horizontal partitions atop cerebellar hemispheres


like tents off falx cerebri at right angles


straight and transverse sinus

define the confluence of sinuses

where the superior sagittal sinus comes down and meets the straight sinus 
goes to transverse sinuses to sigmoid sinuses
out jugular foramen--> jugular vein

where the superior sagittal sinus comes down and meets the straight sinus


goes to transverse sinuses to sigmoid sinuses


out jugular foramen--> jugular vein

define the diaphragma sellae

circular partition roof over pituitary gland


pierced by pituitary stalk

describe the cavernous sinus

base of skull in proximity to pituitary gland
contains internal carotid artery
cranial nerves (III, IV, V1, V2 and VI)

base of skull in proximity to pituitary gland


contains internal carotid artery


cranial nerves (III, IV, V1, V2 and VI)



describe the course of the internal carotid artery into the head

enters skull via carotid canal
anteriorly and horizontally within canal
enters cranium via foramen lacerum
superior through cavernus sinus
S shape

enters skull via carotid canal


anteriorly and horizontally within canal


enters cranium via foramen lacerum


superior through cavernus sinus


S shape

what is the blood to the dura

middle meningeal artery-- branch of maxillary (foramen spinosum) 
grooves in skull

middle meningeal artery-- branch of maxillary (foramen spinosum)


grooves in skull

what is the nerve supply to the dura

sensory from all 3 trigeminal (V1, V2, V3)



middle meningeal nerve (branch of V3 via foramen spinosum)

sensory from all 3 trigeminal (V1, V2, V3)




middle meningeal nerve (branch of V3 via foramen spinosum)

describe the pia mater

delicate, transparent membrane tightly associated with the brain
carries blood vessels
follows folds and fissures 
most innermost layer

delicate, transparent membrane tightly associated with the brain


carries blood vessels


follows folds and fissures


most innermost layer

describe the arachnoid mater

middle layer 
extending from pia to dura forming subarachnoid space

middle layer


extending from pia to dura forming subarachnoid space

define lateral lacunae

expansions of dural sinuses containing arachnoid villi

expansions of dural sinuses containing arachnoid villi

define arachnoid granulations

clusters of arachnoid villi   

absorbs cerebral spinal fluid and secretes into sinus
look like cauliflower

clusters of arachnoid villi


absorbs cerebral spinal fluid and secretes into sinus


look like cauliflower

describe cerebrospinal fluid

production: choroid plexus in ventricles of brain
circulation: in sub arachnoid space
absorption: choroid granulation into sinuses
function: suspends brain, cushions it


enters via median and lateral (2) apertures

production: choroid plexus in ventricles of brain


circulation: in sub arachnoid space


absorption: choroid granulation into sinuses


function: suspends brain, cushions it




enters via median and lateral (2) apertures

define extradural hematoma

between skull and periosteal dura (skull fractures damage meningeal arteries)localized because of adherent dura
compress underlying brain tissue
life threatening
between skull and periosteal dura (skull fractures damage meningeal arteries)

localized because of adherent dura


compress underlying brain tissue


life threatening

define subdural hematoma

between dura and arachnoid (trauma jerks brain inside skull, tears cerebral veins as they enter sinuses)

between dura and arachnoid (trauma jerks brain inside skull, tears cerebral veins as they enter sinuses)

define subarachnoid hemorrhage

bleeding in subarachnoid space (cerebral lacerations, tearing cerebral arteries)
lumbar puncture diagnostic

bleeding in subarachnoid space (cerebral lacerations, tearing cerebral arteries)


lumbar puncture diagnostic

describe the 3 cranial fossae

anterior: raised posterior ridge formed by lesser wing of sphenoid bone-- frontal lobes


middle: raised posterior ridge, petrous crest of temporal bone-- temporal lobes and hypothalamus


posterior: contains brainstem, occipital lobes and cerebellum

anterior: raised posterior ridge formed by lesser wing of sphenoid bone-- frontal lobes




middle: raised posterior ridge, petrous crest of temporal bone-- temporal lobes and hypothalamus




posterior: contains brainstem, occipital lobes and cerebellum

describe the blood supply of the brain

internal carotid arteries
branches to middle, posterior (part of vertebral) and anterior cerebral arteries
vertebral arteries from posterior cerebral and basilar arteries supply brainstem and spinal cord

internal carotid arteries


branches to middle, posterior (part of vertebral) and anterior cerebral arteries


vertebral arteries from posterior cerebral and basilar arteries supply brainstem and spinal cord



describe the circle of willis

anterior and posterior communicating artery connects carotid and vertebral branches

anterior and posterior communicating artery connects carotid and vertebral branches

what are the anterior fossa cranial nerves and foraminae

CN I-- olfactory nerve
through many small holes in cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

CN I-- olfactory nerve


through many small holes in cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

what are the middle fossa cranial nerves and foraminae

CN II-- optic nerve through optic canal
CN III oculomotor/CN IV trochlear/CN V1 trigeminal (ophthalmic)/CN VI abducens through superior orbital fissure

CN V2 trigeminal (maxillary) through foramen rotundum

CN V3 trigeminal (mandibular) through ...

CN II-- optic nerve through optic canal


CN III oculomotor/CN IV trochlear/CN V1 trigeminal (ophthalmic)/CN VI abducens through superior orbital fissure




CN V2 trigeminal (maxillary) through foramen rotundum




CN V3 trigeminal (mandibular) through foramen ovale




middle meningeal artery and nerve through foramen spinosum




greater petrosal nerve (part of CN VII) through foramen lacerum

what are the posteriro fossa cranial nerves and foraminae

CN VII facial/CN VIII vestibulocochlear through internal acoustic meatus

CN IX glossopharyngeal/CN X vagus/ CN XI accessory (plus internal jugular vein) through jugular foramen

CN XII hypoglossal through hypoglossal canal

medulla oblongata (wi...

CN VII facial/CN VIII vestibulocochlear through internal acoustic meatus




CN IX glossopharyngeal/CN X vagus/ CN XI accessory (plus internal jugular vein) through jugular foramen




CN XII hypoglossal through hypoglossal canal




medulla oblongata (with vertebral arteries and spinal accessory nerve) through foramen magnum