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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the Oxford definition of the mind?
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The mind – the element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world and their experiences, to think, and to feel
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What are phantom limbs and how do this give evidence for the brain being the centre for the mind?
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Phantom limbs – the brain represents the limb, even if it is not there anymore; feeling of pain/body is part of the brain
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What are the components of representations?
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Representations – have a referent (thing) and a sense (different representations)
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What are the two type of representations? And how do they differ?
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Analogue representations – representation has a 1 to 1 relationship with referent
Propositional or allegorical representations –representations is not 1 to 1 relationship with referent |
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What is imagery?
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Imagery – not just reconstructing experiences; can manipulate experience and gain new information out of it
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What does imagery allow us to do?
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Imagery frees us from the present; reality (pretend play)
Imagery allows us to practise without moving (can get better just by imagining it and fine tune motor responses; and mental maps (not just learned behaviour; hippocampus plays a role) |
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What is Paivo’s Dual Code Hypothesis and give evidence for it.
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Paivo’s Dual Code Hypothesis – information is represented in a verbal and an imaginal code
It can be coded and stored in either or both systems Concrete words (chair, table; stored in both) are remembered better than abstract words (love, justice, economy; only stored in verbal) |
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What is the Conceptual-Propositional Hypothesis?
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Conceptual-Propositional Hypothesis – we use predicate (or propositional) calculus;
we remember the relationship between the subject and the object, recording the gist (meaning, propositions) of the experience and when prompted we reconstruct based on the these propositions (we would run out of storage space otherwise) |
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What are propositions in a imagery context?
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Propositions – the gist or meaning of an experience (or sentence etc.); can be represented in logical terms
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What is a key point in the Conceptual-Propositional Hypothesis that leads us to believe that imagery uses a propositional format?
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Analogue storage is beyond our capacity
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What is the evidence for Propositional effects in mental imagery?
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Propositional effects – if it was just analogue representation we would know that lines paired with ‘barbells’ or ‘spectacles’ are the same, but we perceive them as different
We code and store information in a propositional format |
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What is the evidence for Analogue effects in mental imagery?
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Transformation – have an idea what objects look like and can manipulate them
Size effects – larger animals take up more of your mind’s eye (difference in RTs Image Scanning – direct 1 to 1 relationship between actual distance and imagined distance (difference in RTs) |
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What is the Functional Equivalent hypothesis?
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Functional Equivalence Hypothesis – mental imagery is not abstract propositional, but it is also not a simple analogue representation of the external world;
but relationships between objects in imagery are functionally equivalent to the relationships there objects have in the real world |
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What is the key point/idea for the Functional Equivalent hypothesis?
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Perception and imagery use same cognitive mechanisms
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How does imagery and perception differ in processing?
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Imagery is instigated top-down (our memory banks reconstructed)
Greater activation in visual cortex when imagining than seeing; more demanding than bottom up Perception is instigated bottom-up (sensory organs upwards to brain) |
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What is mental rotation?
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Mental rotation – linear relationship between mental rotation and reaction time
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What are some key finding from mental rotation?
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Don’t need to format representation then rotate it; con forma representation of a rotating object
Mental images behave as physical objects, because their evolutionary function is to represent the physical world |
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What are the three topics that provide empirical reason for the claim that imagery involves similar processes as perception
[interference] |
Rotation after-effects
Perception interferes with imagery Lesions |
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Describe Rotation after-effects as interference with imagery
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Rotation after-effects – when you stop seeing a rotating image you get an after-effect that rotates the opposite direction and affect RTs
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Describe how perception interferes with imagery
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Perception interferes with imagery
when participating engage the same modality in the task and in imagery, it interferes and you perform many errors, but if imagery and task use different modalities, then you perform few errors Dream in visual modality since we can afford we don’t use it; but need auditory, olfaction and textile to respond to outside world (alert) |
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Describe how lesions correlate perception and imagery as similar.
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Lesions – impairment to visual field and imagery field with damage to right parietal lobe (visual neglect); lobectomy – reduced image size (tunnel vision and tunnel imagery)
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Why is Storage likely in propositional in form?
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Would run out of space if it was analogue
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What forms can thinking take?
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Thinking can be in verbal, imaginal and conceptual-propositional form
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Does imagery and perception use the same resources and how do they differ in the use?
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Imagery engages some of the same cognitive resources as perception and shows some functional equivalence;
But imagery is different from perception (involves more activation in visual cortex and some memory areas) |
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What is the concept of Mental time travel?
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Mental time travel (uniquely human)
We can relive past events (episodic memory) and pre-live future events (episodic foresight) in our imagination (can reflect and draw conclusions) |
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How does extrapolation enable us to do in terms of foresight?
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Extrapolation – memory enables simulation of potential future events; past behaviour is best predictor of future behaviour
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What part does vocabulary play in foresight?
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Vocabulary for recombination – can reassemble basic element into novel scenarios (limitation: creatively rather than faithfully)
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How does episodic memory and foresight relate and what is the possible consequence of this?
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Episodic system may be an adaptive design feature of our foresight system – could explain characteristic errors of episodic memory
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Do animals use foresight? Discuss in terms of Scrub Jay behaviour.
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Scrub jays – left or right side of tray (and 4hrs ago or 120 hours ago); stored worms and nuts
Preferred worms over nuts; but when worms were cached a long time ago they search for nuts instead, because worms decay and become unpalatable Strength of memory dictates life of meal worms (?) But when, where and what (semantic) ≠ mental time travel |
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Do animals Mentally time travel? Give examples of preparedness in animals.
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Cannot simply ask animals; mental time travel behaviour should be evident in flexible future directed behaviour
Innate predispositions to deal with long term regularities: e.g. nest building for future breeding; hibernation Individual learning: CS predicts arrival of US Mind time travel into the future: no obvious evidence yet |
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What are some uses of foresight?
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Can imagine virtually any potential future scenario
Allows us to act now to secure future advantages Human survival heavily depends on this foresight |