5Th Quarter Hematology Part 1

Front 1

Decreased red blood cell count

Back 1

Anemia

Front 2

Slightly immature neutrophil

Back 2

Band cell

Front 3

Primitive white blood cell

Back 3

Blast cell

Front 4

Proteins produced by leukocytes that are vital to regulation of hematopoiesis, apoptosis, and immune responses

Back 4

cytokines

Front 5

Development of functions and characteristics that are different from those of the parent stem cell

Back 5

Differentiation

Front 6

A cellular component of blood involved in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Back 6

Erythrocyte erythrocyte also called red blood cell

Front 7

Process of formation of red blood cells

Back 7

Erythropoiesis

Front 8

Hormone produced primarily by the kidneys, necessary for erythropoiesis

Back 8

Erythropoietin

Front 9

Filamentous protein, basis of thrombus and blood clot

Back 9

Fibrin

Front 10

A protein converted into fibrin to form thrombus and clots

Back 10

Fibrinogen

Front 11

Process of breaking down a fibrin clot

Back 11

Fibrinolysis

Front 12

Granulated white blood cell, sometimes used synonymously with neutrophil

Back 12

Granulocyte

Front 13

Percentage of total blood volume consisting of red blood cells

Back 13

Hematocrit

Front 14

Complex process of the formation and maturation of blood cells

Back 14

Hematopoiesis

Front 15

Iron-containing protein of red blood cells, delivers oxygen to tissues

Back 15

Hemoglobin

Front 16

Intricate balance between clot formation and clot dissolution

Back 16

Hemostasis

Front 17

Cells present in all loose connective tissue, capable of phagocytosis

Back 17

Histiocytes

Front 18

Increased release of immature forms of white blood cells from the bone marrow in response to need

Back 18

Left shift, or shift to the left

Front 19

One of the several cellular components of blood involved in defense of the body, subtypes include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and lymphocytes

Back 19

Leukocyte

Front 20

Less than normal amount of white blood cells in circulation

Back 20

Leukopenia

Front 21

Form of white blood cell involved in immune functions

Back 21

Lymphocyte

Front 22

Pertaining to lymphocytes

Back 22

Lymphoid

Front 23

Reticuloendothelial cells capable of phagocytosis

Back 23

Macrophage

Front 24

Large white blood cell that becomes a macrophage when it leaves the circulation and moves into body tissues

Back 24

Monocyte

Front 25

Pertaining to non lymphoid blood cells that differentiate into red blood cells, platelets, macrophages, mast cells and various white blood cells

Back 25

Myeloid

Front 26

Formation and maturation of cells derived from myeloid stem cells

Back 26

Myelopoiesis

Front 27

Immune cells that accumulate in lymphoid tissue that are potent killers of virus infected and cancer cells

Back 27

Natural killer cells

Front 28

Fully mature white blood cell capable of Phagocytosis, primary defense against bacterial infection

Back 28

Neutrophil

Front 29

Immature form of red blood cell, portion of nucleus remains within the red blood cell

Back 29

Nucleated RBC

Front 30

Combined form of oxygen and hemoglobin, found in arterial blood

Back 30

Oxyhemoglobin

Front 31

Process of cellular ingestion and digestion of foreign bodies

Back 31

Phagocytosis

Front 32

Liquid portion of blood

Back 32

Plasma

Front 33

A cellular component of blood involved in blood coagulation

Back 33

Platelet AKA thrombocyte

Front 34

Protein converted to plasmin to dissolve thrombi and clots

Back 34

Plasminogen

Front 35

A cellular component of blood involved in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Back 35

RBC or erythrocyte

Front 36

Slightly immature red blood cells usually only 1% of total circulating red blood cells

Back 36

Reticulocytes

Front 37

Complex system of cells throughout the body capable of phagocytosis

Back 37

Reticuloendothelial system

Front 38

Portion of blood remaining after coagulation occurs

Back 38

Serum

Front 39

Primitive cell capable of self-replication and differentiation into myeloid or lymphoid stem cells

Back 39

Stem cell

Front 40

Component of the bone marrow not directly related to hematopoiesis but serves important supportive roles in the process

Back 40

Stroma

Front 41

Enzyme necessary to convert fibrinogen into fibrin clot

Back 41

Thrombin

Front 42

One of several cellular components of blood involved in defense of the body. Subtypes include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and lymphocytes. AKA leukocyte

Back 42

White blood cell

Front 43

Patients with hematological disorders often have significant abnormalities in blood tests but few or no symptoms

Back 43

True

Front 44

A specialized organ that differs from other organs in that it exists in a fluid state

Back 44

Blood

Front 45

This is composed of plasma and various types of cells

Back 45

Blood

Front 46

This component of blood contains various proteins, such as albumin, globulin, fibrinogen and other factors necessary for clotting. As well as electrolytes, waste products, and nutrients.

Back 46

Plasma

Front 47

About this percentage of blood volume is plasma

Back 47

55%

Front 48

The cellular component of blood consists of what three primary cell types

Back 48

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

Front 49

What percentage of blood do the cellular components of blood normally makeup

Back 49

45%

Front 50

What is the primary site for hematopoiesis

Back 50

Bone marrow

Front 51

During embryonic development and in other conditions what other two areas besides the bone marrow might be involved in hematopoiesis

Back 51

Liver and spleen

Front 52

Under normal conditions the adult bone marrow produces about 175 billion erythrocytes, 70 billion neutrophils and 175 billion platelets each day

Back 52

True

Front 53

When the body needs more blood cells as in with infection or bleeding, the marrow increases its production of the cells required.

Back 53

True

Front 54

Blood makes up approximately this percentage of the normal body weight and amounts to about this much volume.

Back 54

7 to 10%

5 to 6 liters

Front 55

Three functions of blood

Back 55

Transportation

Regulation

Protection

Front 56

Blood carries waste products produced by cellular metabolism to the lungs, skin, liver and kidneys where they are transformed and eliminated from the body

Back 56

True

Front 57

Oxygen, hormones, nutrients, medications and wastes

Back 57

Some things transported by Blood

Front 58

Acid-base balance, electrolytes, temperature

Back 58

Some things regulated by Blood

Front 59

Fighting infection, coagulation

Back 59

Some protections by Blood

Front 60

Excessive bleeding or excessive clotting are both dangerous. The balance between these two systems, clot or thrombus formation and clot dissolution or fibrinolysis is called this

Back 60

Hemostasis

Front 61

In what bones of the body is blood cell formation usually occurring in

Back 61

Flat bones such as pelvis, ribs, vertebrae and sternum

Front 62

This is one of the largest organs of the body, making up 4% to 5% of total body weight

Back 62

Marrow

Front 63

Fresh frozen plasma is this color

Back 63

Yellow

Front 64

Marrow consists of islands of cellular components red marrow, separated by fat or yellow marrow. As people age the proportion of active marrow is gradually replaced by fat. However in healthy adults the fat can again be replaced by active marrow when more blood cell production is required

Back 64

True

Front 65

In adults with disease that causes marrow destruction, fibrosis, or scarring, the liver and spleen can also resume production of blood cells by a process known as this

Back 65

Extramedullary hematopoiesis

Front 66

Marrow is highly vascular. Within it are primitive cells called?

Back 66

Stem cells

Front 67

These cells have the ability to self-replicate thereby ensuring a continuous supply of them throughout the life cycle

Back 67

Stem cells

Front 68

When stimulated to do so stem cells can begin a process of differentiation into either of these two kinds of cells

Back 68

Myeloid or lymphoid stem cells

Front 69

Lymphoid stem cells produce either of these types of cells

Back 69

T or B lymphocytes

Front 70

Myeloid stem cells differentiate into three broad cell types which are

Back 70

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

Front 71

With the exception of these all blood cells are derived from myeloid stem cells

Back 71

Lymphocytes

Front 72

This is important in an indirect manner in that it produces The Colony stimulating factors needed for hematopoiesis

Back 72

Stroma

Front 73

Bio concave disc that resembles a softball compressed between two fingers. It is so flexible that it can pass easily through capillaries

Back 73

RBC

Front 74

The membrane is very thin so that Gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide can easily diffuse across it. The disc shape provides a large surface area that facilitates the absorption and release of oxygen molecules

Back 74

Red blood cell

Front 75

Mature erythrocytes consists primarily of this which contains iron and makes up 95% of the cell Mass

Back 75

Hemoglobin

Front 76

What is the primary role of erythrocytes

Back 76

The transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues

Front 77

Occasionally the marrow releases slightly immature forms of erythrocytes called reticulocytes into the circulation. This occurs as a normal response to an increased demand for erythrocytes such as in bleeding or in some diseases.

Back 77

True

Front 78

Iron is present in the heme component of a molecule. An important property of heme is its ability to bind to oxygen Loosely and reversibly. Oxygen readily binds to hemoglobin in the lungs and is carried away as this in the arterial blood

Back 78

Oxyhemoglobin

Front 79

Oxyhemoglobin is a brighter red than hemoglobin that does not contain oxygen thus arterial blood is a brighter red than venous blood

Back 79

True

Front 80

In venous blood, hemoglobin combines with hydrogen ions produced by cellular metabolism and thus buffers this

Back 80

Excessive acid

Front 81

Whole blood normally contains about this Much hemoglobin per 100 ml of blood

Back 81

15 gram

Front 82

What is the average lifespan of a red blood cell

Back 82

120 days

Front 83

Differentiation of the Primitive myeloid stem cell into an erythroblast is stimulated by this hormone produced primarily by the kidneys

Back 83

Erythropoietin

Front 84

If the kidneys detect low levels of oxygen as occurs when fewer red blood cells are available to bind to oxygen, or with people living at high altitudes, erythropoietin levels increase

Back 84

True

Front 85

Increased erythropoietin stimulates bone marrow to increase production of erythrocytes. The entire process of erythropoiesis typically takes about this long

Back 85

5 days

Front 86

For normal erythrocyte production the bone marrow also requires iron, vitamin B12, folate, vitamin B6, protein and other factors. A deficiency of these factors during erythropoiesis can result in decreased red blood cell production and anemia

Back 86

True

Front 87

What is the normal lab level for red blood cells

Back 87

4.5 to 5

Front 88

Leukocytes are divided into these two general categories

Back 88

Granulocytes and lymphocytes

Front 89

Normal total leukocyte count is?

Back 89

4000 to 11000

Front 90

Of leukocytes approximately this percentage are granulocytes while this much is lymphocytes

Back 90

60 to 80% granulocytes

20 to 40% are lymphocytes

Front 91

These protect the body against infection and tissue injury

Back 91

Granulocytes and lymphocytes

Front 92

Granulocytes are defined by the presence of granules in the cytoplasm of the cell. They are divided into these three main subgroups

Back 92

Eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils

Front 93

Once a neutrophil is released into circulation from the marrow it stays there for only about six hours before it migrates to the body tissues to perform its function of phagocytosis. Neutrophils die here within this amount of days

Back 93

One to two days

Front 94

The number of circulating granulocytes found in a healthy person is relatively constant however, in infections large numbers of cells are rapidly released into the circulation

Back 94

True

Front 95

Immature lymphocytes are produced in the marrow from this type of stem-cell. A second major source of production is the thymus. Cells derived from the thymus are known as this. Those derived from the bone marrow can also be T-cells but are more commonly called this

Back 95

Lymphoid stem cells

T cells

B lymphocytes

Front 96

Lymphocytes complete their differentiation and maturation primarily in the lymph nodes and in the lymphoid tissue of the intestine and spleen.

Back 96

True

Front 97

These are the principal cells of the immune system. They produce antibodies and identify other cells and organisms as foreign

Back 97

Lymphocytes

Front 98

This type of lymphocyte serves as a potent killer of virus infected and cancer cells. They also secrete chemical messenger proteins called cytokines to metabolize the T & B cells into action

Back 98

Natural killer cells

Front 99

These protect the body from Invasion by bacteria and other foreign entities

Back 99

Leukocytes

Front 100

The major function of neutrophils is this

Back 100

Phagocytosis

Front 101

Neutrophils arrive at a given site within this amount of time after the onset of an inflammatory reaction and initiate phagocytosis, but they are short-lived

Back 101

1 hour

Front 102

The primary function of lymphocytes is to attack foreign material

Back 102

True

Front 103

These are important in the phagocytosis of parasites

Back 103

Eosinophils

Front 104

These cells are involved in the hypersensitivity reaction, they neutralize histamine

Back 104

Eosinophils

Front 105

These cells produce and store histamine as well as other substances involved in hypersensitivity reactions. The release of these substances provokes allergic reactions

Back 105

Basophils

Front 106

These are not technically cells but instead granular fragments of giant cells in the bone marrow called megakaryocytes

Back 106

Platelets AKA thrombocytes

Front 107

These play an essential role in the control of bleeding. They circulate freely in the blood in an inactived state where they nurture the endothelium of the blood vessels maintaining the Integrity of the vessel

Back 107

Platelets AKA thrombocytes

Front 108

When vascular injury occurs these collect at the site and are activated. They adhere to the site of injury and to each other forming a platelet plug that temporarily stops the bleeding

Back 108

Platelets

Front 109

Platelets have a normal life span of about this long

Back 109

7 to 10 days

Front 110

After platelets form a plug this will later stabilize the clot

Back 110

Fibrin

Front 111

Normal cell count of platelets

Back 111

150,000 to 450,000

Front 112

After cellular elements are removed from the blood the remaining liquid portion is called plasma. More Than This percentage of plasma is water

Back 112

90%

Front 113

Aside from the more than 90% of plasma being water the remainder of plasma consist primarily of proteins, clotting factors, small amounts of other substances such as nutrients, enzymes, waste products and gases

Back 113

True

Front 114

If plasma is allowed to clot the remaining fluid is called serum. Serum has essentially the same composition as plasma, except that fibrinogen and several clotting factors have been removed during the clotting process

Back 114

True

Front 115

List two more important substances found in plasma

Back 115

Albumin and fibrinogen

Front 116

Plasma protein that helps to maintain fluid balance by keeping fluids in the vasculature

Back 116

Albumin

Front 117

Important clotting Factor found in plasma that is activated by the clotting Cascade

Back 117

Fibrinogen

Front 118

These two plasma substances are both produced in the liver

Back 118

Fibrinogen and albumin

Front 119

The process of preventing blood loss from intact vessels and of stopping bleeding from a severed vessel, which requires adequate numbers of functional platelets.

Back 119

Hemostasis

Front 120

*Severed blood vessel constricts*

*Circulating platelets aggregate at site and adhere to vessel and each other

*Unstable plug is formed

Back 120

Primary hemostasis

Front 121

*Collagen activates platelets making them sticky

*plasma clotting factors become activated

*Fibrin formation occurs which reinforces the platelet plug and anchors it to the injury site

Back 121

Secondary hemostasis

Front 122

During primary hemostasis immediate vasoconstriction occurs for around this amount of time giving platelets time to get there

Back 122

Around 20 minutes

Front 123

Prothrombin-->thrombin

-->fibrinogen-->fibrin

Back 123

Look

Front 124

Low platelets

Back 124

Thrombocytopenia

Front 125

After clotting of an injured vessel, the injured vessel is repaired and again covered with endothelial cells and the fibrin clot is no longer needed. The substance plasminogen is required to lyse the fibrin.

Back 125

True

Front 126

Plasminogen which is present in all body fluids circulates with fibrinogen and is therefore incorporated into the fibrin clot as it forms. When the clot is no longer needed the plasminogen is activated to form plasmin. Plasmin digests the fibrinogen and fibrin.

Back 126

Fibrinolysis, breaking down of a clot

Front 127

These help with fibrinolysis by antagonizing the thrombin

Back 127

Antithrombin

Front 128

Marrow is less responsive so it may not be able to increase production as required leading to anemia, leukopenia Etc

Back 128

Gerontological considerations

Front 129

Fewer stem cells

Back 129

Gerontological considerations

Front 130

In Older patients the bone marrow may be more susceptible to myelosuppressive effects of medications.

Back 130

True

Front 131

Possible anemia, leukopenia and decreased hemoglobin levels

Back 131

Normal findings in gerontological patients

Front 132

Elevated red blood cells and white blood cells

Back 132

at Birth

Front 133

Decreased levels of platelets and lower levels of clotting factors

Back 133

at Birth

Front 134

Three additional structures of the hematologic system

Back 134

Liver, lymph system and spleen

Front 135

Produces red blood cells in fetal development

Back 135

Spleen

Front 136

Can be removed and is done sometimes due to Rapid blood cell destruction

Back 136

Spleen

Front 137

Acts as a filter by Removing old red blood cells from blood, taking the iron and sending it to the bone marrow for red blood cell production

Back 137

Spleen

Front 138

Has an immune role as well as storage of this percent of the body's platelets

Back 138

30%, the spleen

Front 139

Has its own vasculature and includes lymph nodes

Back 139

Lymph system

Front 140

Carries fluid from interstitial spaces to the blood. When pathways are blocked lymphedema may occur

Back 140

Lymph system

Front 141

All lymph fluids eventually drain to this area

Back 141

Subclavian veins of the neck

Front 142

Collects lymph fluids and brings them to the subclavian and jugular veins

Back 142

Lymph system

Front 143

These filter out foreign particles

Back 143

Lymph nodes

Front 144

It is important to consider these when doing a hematologic assessment of medications

Back 144

Vitamins and herbs. Some herbs pose a problem such as St John's Wort which can interfere with coumadin

Front 145

Consider such things as prosthetic heart valves, blood transfusions and any reactions to them

Back 145

Surgical history in hematologic assessment

Front 146

Hard, tender, fixed, enlarged are abnormal findings of this

Back 146

Lymph nodes

Front 147

Tender lymph nodes are of more concern than non-tender

Back 147

False. We are more concerned about non-tender enlarged lymph nodes

Front 148

Three areas that can be used as objective information in the hematologic assessment

Back 148

Spleen, liver, lymph nodes

Front 149

These two tests show enlarged lymph nodes well

Back 149

CT and MRI

Front 150

Essential in preventing or limiting bacterial infection via phagocytosis

Back 150

Neutrophil

Front 151

Involved in allergic reactions by neutralizing histamine. Digests foreign proteins

Back 151

Eosinophil

Front 152

Contains histamine. And integral part of hypersensitivity reactions

Back 152

Basophils

Front 153

Responsible for cell mediated immunity recognizes material as foreign. Like a surveillance system

Back 153

T lymphocytes

Front 154

Responsible for humoral immunity. Many mature into plasma cells to form antibodies

Back 154

B lymphocyte