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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where does the link reaction occur |
Matrix |
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Where does glycolysis occur |
Cytoplasm |
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Where does the electron transport chain occur |
Inner membrane |
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Where does the Krebs cycle occur |
Matrix |
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Why does aerobic respiration yield fewer molecules of ATP than the theoretical maximum (2) |
- some ATP used to actively transport pyruvate into mitochondrion - some ATP used to actively transport H from NADH, into mitochondrion - some energy released in ETC is released as heat - not all the H movement is used to generate ATP - not all the NADH is used to feed into the ETC |
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Explain why the incomplete breakdown of glucose in aerobic respiration produces less ATP than aerobic respiration (5) |
in anaerobic respiration - glycolysis occurs - produces two molecules of ATP (net) - only substrate level phosphorylation occurs - oxygen not available as final electron acceptor - pyruvate/ethanal used to regenerate NAD for glycolysis - krebs & oxidative phosphorylation don’t occur |
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Certain parasites live in the blood of mammals. Suggest why, even though blood carries oxygen, these parasites are adapted to respire anaerobically (2) |
- parasites have little access to oxygen - as little oxygen is dissolved in plasma - as oxygen is combined with haemoglobin/contained in red blood cells - haemoglobin has greater affinity for oxygen than parasite |
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The anaerobic respiration pathway in animal cells can be reversed, but the anaerobic respiration pathway in yeast cells cannot be reversed, explain why. (4) |
In animals - pyruvate is converted to lactate/lactic acid - can be reversed as no atoms lost or other products formed - lactate dehydrogenase available to reverse reaction In yeast - pyruvate converted to ethanol and CO2 - cannot be reversed as CO2 is lost - decarboxylase enzyme cannot reverse the reaction |
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Outline the process of glycolysis (4) |
- phosphorylation of glucose - forms hexose bisphosphate - then splits into two triose phosphates - dehydrogenation (for formation of pyruvate) - pyruvate produced - total production 4 ATP net 2 ATP |
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Front (Term) |
W - ethanal X - CO2 Y - reduced NAD Z - NAD+ |
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Amino acid -> ammonia -> ornithine cycle
State the product of the ornithine cycle and the organ to which this product is transported for removal from the body |
Product - urea Organ - kidney |
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Lactate—>pyruvate—>glucose The lactate that enters this pathway is produced by cells (such as muscle cells) undergoing anaerobic respiration. Suggest why this lactate is converted into pyruvate by hepatocytes rather than by the respiring cells in which it is produced. |
- hepatocytes can tolerate lactate/low PH - hepatocytes have enzymes to metabolise lactate - conversion of lactate requires oxygen, muscle cells don’t have enough oxygen, hepatocytes do |
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What might happen to a person if the liver did not break down insulin (2) |
- blood glucose concentration would fall too low - glucose would continue to be taken up by cells/liver/muscles - glucose continually converted into glycogen - mitochondrion eventually can’t release enough energy - coma/death |
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State precisely where in the liver cell the excess reduced NAD can be re-oxidised |
- cristae / inner mitochondrial membrane |
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Suggest the consequences for liver metabolism if a person has a regular high alcohol intake |
- build-up of lactate kills liver cells - disruption of enzymes as a result of low PH - lack of NAD for metabolic reactions - some deamination of hormones can not occur - build up of fatty acids, fat deposits in liver cells |
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Suggest the type of reaction that removes a phosphate group from an ATP molecule |
- hydrolysis |
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State the precise location of the electron transport chain in a cell |
- inner mitochondrial membrane |
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Name the hydrogen acceptor in anaerobic pathway |
Ethanal |
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Name the intermediate compound in this pathway |
- ethanal |
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Name the products in anaerobic pathway in yeast cells |
- ethanol - CO2 |
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Name the hydrogen acceptor in anaerobic yeast pathway |
Ethanal |
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Name reaction pathways Y, X & W |
Y - Krebs cycle X - Calvin cycle / light independent stage W - glycolysis |
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Explain how glycolysis, Krebs cycle and Calvin cycle are able to work independently of each other in the same leaf cell (3) |
- take place in different parts/organelles of the cell - glycolysis in cytoplasm - Calvin cycle in chloroplasts - Krebs cycle in mitochondrial matrix |
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Which of glycolysis, Krebs and Calvin cycle are involved with photosynthesis and which with aerobic respiration (2) |
Photosynthesis - Calvin cycle Aerobic respiration - glycolysis & Krebs cycle |
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State the products of oxidative phosphorylation (2) |
- ATP - water - NAD/FAD |
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Explain the role of coenzymes in a leaf cell (3) |
- NAD/FAD can accept hydrogen - reduced NAD/FAD supplies electrons to electron transport chain for oxidative phosphorylation - reduces NAD/FAD supplies H ions for oxidative phosphorylation - reduces NADP supplies H to Calvin cycle - Cornzyme A carries acetyl group to Krebs cycle |
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Name the intermediate compound in anaerobic yeast pathway |
- ethanal |
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Name the products in anaerobic pathway in yeast cells |
- ethanol - CO2 |
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Explain why the anaerobic pathway is important for yeast cells & plants |
- releases NAD so glycolysis can continue - allows ATP to be regenerated - some ATP available for cellular processes such as active transport and protein synthesis |
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Front (Term) |
Mammal - pyruvate - no - lactate Yeast - ethanal - yes - ethanol |
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Name reaction pathways Y, X & W |
Y - Krebs cycle X - Calvin cycle / light independent stage W - glycolysis |
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Explain why there is an increased rate of respiration I’m soaked seeds at 25•c compared with soaked seeds at 15•c |
- at higher temp there is increased kinetic energy - respiratory enzymes/dehydrogenases are involved |
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Suggest why soaked pea seeds respired more than dry pea seeds (2) |
- reactions need to take place in solution - enzymes and substrates can move more in soaked seeds
- soaked seeds need more ATP for protein synthesis |
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Suggest one benefit of anaerobic respiration to an organism |
- ATP produced - allows glycolysis to continue |
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Front (Term) |
Mammal - pyruvate - no - lactate Yeast - ethanal - yes - ethanol |
