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267 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
According to the articles on regulatory issues, WHICH of he following except one are good arguments in favor of stricter regulation of botanical medicines? Check all that apply A. Excessive prices for commercial herbal products B. Interactions between herbs and drugs C. Adulteration of some preparations with drugs D. Lack of routine reporting of adverse events E. Lack of standardization among herbal preparations |
B C, D, E |
|
What are the key arguments AGAINST increasing regulation of botanicalmedicines in the United States? check all that apply: A. sourcing, pricing, and ease of marketing. B. Eliminates ability of “little guy” tocompete, even if he has a superior product. C. manufacturers could make any claims about theirproducts that they want to. |
ALL of the choices are good ARGUMENTS against |
|
*List examples of expectorant herbs and describe their function. |
EX: Eucalyptus, thyme Increase ciliary activity, reduce mucus viscosity; liquefy pulmonary secretions |
|
* List examples of mucilaginous herbs and describe their function. |
EX: Mullein, Marshmallow, Plantain Form protective coating |
|
* What condition(s) are the tannin-containing herbs helpful in addressing? |
Acute diarrhea |
|
* What herbs (list 2) were formerly FDA-approved over-the-counter laxatives, but have since been disapproved due to modern efficacy and safety research? |
Cascara & Aloe |
|
* What constituent of licorice can raise BP, so is removed in some preparations? |
Glycyrrhizin |
|
* What does a carminative do in the digestive system? |
Carminative: relieve bloating and fullness |
|
* What does a cholagogue do in the digestive system? |
Cholagogue: promote bile production by increasing biliary flow. |
|
* What does a bitter do in the digestive system? |
Bitter: stimulate gastric secretions |
|
* Which botanicals have caffeine as a significant constituent? |
Guarana, mate, black and green tea |
|
* What are the pharmaceutical medications with which St. John’s wort is most likely to interact in a significant way? |
SSRIs, protease and reverse transcriptase inhibitors, anticoagulants, immunosuppressants |
|
* What is the relationship between alliin, alliinase, and allicin in the pharmacokinetics of garlic? |
Allianase acts on alliin to produce allicin |
|
* What does it mean for an herbal to “potentiate” a pharmaceutical medication? What precautions need to be taken in cases like this? What herbals are most known for potentiating anticoagulant medications? |
* The herb increases the power or effect of the medication
* Contraindications should be noted; taken with care * Bromelain, St John’s Wort |
|
* What is a “declared content” on a botanical label and why is it important with potentially toxic herbals? |
Name of each ingredient and what it contains |
|
* Describe current supplement labeling regulations regarding health claims and structure/function properties of herbs. |
In the U.S., the label can describe an effect on the structure or function of the body if supported by a reasonable amount of scientific evidence Therapeutic claims cannot be made on the label or in the package insert |
|
* What is an enteric coated capsule? In what ways can they be helpful and at what point should they be used in relation to a meal? |
* Allow for controlled or delayed release of active ingredients
* Improves ease of swallowing * Extends shelf life * Masks any unpleasant tastes of active ingredients * Taken at least one hour before a meal * Coating protects the medicinal core |
|
common preparation using alcohol or alcohol+water to produce extracts of a wide variety of herbs and herb combinations |
Tincture |
|
Sweet and easy to administer especially useful for giving botanical medicines to children. |
Syrup |
|
alcohol-free preparation that would be expected to contain only lipid-soluble components |
Medicinal oils |
|
a solution of a volatile substance in alcohol of alcohol+water |
Medicinal Spirits |
|
extract made from fresh plant parts and contain water-soluble components |
Plant juices |
|
water poured boiling (or cold) over herb and covered, allowed to steep, then strained |
Infusion |
|
covered with water, boiled, simmer 10+ minutes, strained |
Decoction |
|
covered with room temperature water, stands 6 hours, strained |
Maceration |
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Which one of the following is not a difference between the US and European countries such as Germany regarding the status of herbal medicines? A. Herbal medicines are subjected to more regulation in European countries such as Germany. B. Herbal products are regulated as dietary supplements in the US. C. Herbal medicines have higher stature in medical education and clinical practice in European countries such as Germany. D. The U.S. has always led the way worldwide in the development and testing of botanical medicine products |
D. The U.S. has always led the way worldwide in the development and testing of botanical medicine products
|
|
Digoxin is isolated from... |
Foxglove leaf |
|
Codeine is isolated from... |
Opium poppy |
|
Aspirin is isolated from... |
Willow bark |
|
Quinine is isolated from... |
Chinchona bark |
|
A typical botanical extract can be expected to concentrate active substances from the dried herb by how much in terms of an herb-to-extract ratio? |
5:1 |
|
What is the volatile oil content of typical herbs that contain such oils? |
1-2% |
|
Which of the following, if any, is not one of the factors that can affect the content of active constituents of medicinal herbs. A. Cultivation B. Climate C. Soil quality D. Plant genetics E. All of these factors affect the content of active constituents of medicinal herbs |
E. All of these factors affect the content of active constituents of medicinal herbs |
|
True or False: Standardization of botanical preparations is simply a process of adjusting chemistry to produce the desired content. |
False |
|
Choose the correct statement about the use of solvents for preparing botanical extracts. A. Aqueous and alcohol extracts are both high in polar compounds B. Aqueous and alcohol extracts are both high in lipophilic constituents C. Aqueous extracts are high in polar compounds while alcohol extracts are high in lipophilic constituents D. Aqueous extracts are high in lipophilic constituents while alcohol extracts are high in polar compounds |
C. Aqueous extracts are high in polar compounds while alcohol extracts are high in lipophilic constituents |
|
T or F: Using marker compounds to adjust the quality of botanical extracts can always be expected to guarantee consistent therapeutic potency of the product |
False |
|
Which of the following, if any, is not true regarding fingerprint chromatograms? A. Can characterize the presence and relative amounts of several herb components B. Can be used to compare batches of the same product for quality control C. Can confirm product identity by comparing products to standard reference samples D. Utilizes high-performance liquid chromatography E. All of the above |
E. All of the above |
|
Which of the following, if any, is not an advantage of coated tablets over uncoated tablets? A. Reduces the cost of the product B. Masks any unpleasant tastes of active ingredients C. Allows for controlled or delayed release of active ingredients D. Extends shelf life Improves ease of swallowing |
A. Reduces the cost of the product
|
|
When should enteric-coated tablets or capsules be taken? |
At least 1 hour before a meal |
|
State TWO alternate terms for lozenges? |
* Pastilles
* Troches |
|
Botanical product labels in the US are allowed to describe the purpose of the product according to which one of the following rules? |
Can describe an effect on the structure or function of the body if supported by a reasonable amount of scientific evidence. |
|
Indicate all of the correct statements below regarding the German Commission E. A. The Commission E was appointed by a government agency to review phytotherapeutic agents for efficacy and safety ?B. Commission E monographs only review single herbs and preparations made from them C. The Commission E continues to gather and review monographs today D. The Commission E monographs are only available in German language editions |
A. The Commission E was appointed by a government agency to review phytotherapeutic agents for efficacy and safety
|
|
The European Union relies on which agency to update critical information about phytomedicines? |
European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy |
|
T or F: The authors of our text present data showing that the placebo effect does not account for much of the therapeutic effect of treating disorders such as widespread pain, insomnia, gastric symptoms, and depression. |
False |
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When a study reports only the change in outcome within each group, this is called a __________ comparison, and is a common error that may fail to detect a __________. |
When a study reports only the change in outcome within each group, this is called a before & after comparison, and is a common error that may fail to detect a large placebo effect. |
|
What is the latin binomial for garlic? |
Allium sativa |
|
What is the latin binomial for red yeast? |
Monascus purpureus |
|
What is the latin binomial for onion? |
Allium cepa |
|
What specific part of Allium saliva is used in botanical medicine? |
bulb |
|
What specific part of Allium cepa is used in botanical medicine? |
bulb
|
|
What specific part of Ginkgo biloba is used in botanical medicine? |
leaf |
|
Which two botanicals have been shown to increase walking distance in subjects with peripheral arterial disease? |
Allium sativa Ginkgo biloba |
|
Which of the following is true about the relationship of alliin, alliinase, and allicin? |
Allianase acts on alliin to produce allicin |
|
Match the garlic preparation with the correct description: garlic powder |
used in most clinical trials |
|
Match the garlic preparation with the correct description: garlic oil, aged garlic 1. fermentation product subject to degradation of active constituents 2. steam distillation product subject to enzymatic & thermal breakdown of active constituents |
Garlic Oil: steam distillation product subject to enzymatic & thermal breakdown of active constituents
Aged garlic: fermentation product subject to degradation of active constituents |
|
Which of the following, if any, is a therapeutic effect of garlic demonstrated in at least some clinical studies? A. Inhibits progression of atherosclerosis B. Lowers blood triglycerides C. Lowers total blood cholesterol D. Lowers blood pressure E. All of the above |
E. All of the above |
|
T or F: According to human research, garlic can reduce platelet aggregation after a few days of treatment. |
False |
|
Which two adverse effects should be monitored in patients taking garlic? |
* Excessive bleeding tendency
* Hypotension |
|
What is the most likely mechanism for the effects of red yeast rice on blood cholesterol? |
Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis |
|
What is the most likely mechanism for the effects of garlic on blood cholesterol? |
Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis |
|
Which of the following is the family of active constituents associated with red yeast rice? |
Monacolins |
|
Which two adverse effects should be monitored in patients taking red yeast rice? |
* Elevated liver enzymes
* Muscle pain, tenderness, and weakness |
|
What are possible side effects of ginkgo biloba? |
headache, nausea, gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, dizziness, or allergic skin reactions |
|
Large amounts of a dangerous toxin are found in which ginkgo preparation? |
roasted seeds |
|
What is the latin binomial for witch hazel? |
Hamamelis virginiana |
|
What is the latin binomial for German chamomile? |
Matricaria recutita |
|
What is the latin binomial for evening primrose? |
Oenotherae biennis |
|
What is the latin binomial for pineapple (bromelain)? |
Ananas comosus |
|
What is the latin binomial for comfrey? |
Symphytum officinale |
|
What is the latin binomial for tea tree oil? |
Melaleuca alternifolia |
|
Which specific part is used in botanical medicine? Calendulas |
flower |
|
Which specific part is used in botanical medicine? Arnica |
flower |
|
Which specific part is used in botanical medicine? Camomile |
flower
|
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Which specific part is used in botanical medicine? Evening primrose |
seed oil
|
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Which specific part is used in botanical medicine? Witch hazel |
leaves, twigs, & bark
|
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Which specific part is used in botanical medicine? Comfrey |
leaves & root
|
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Name the active constituent: Evening primrose oil |
gamma-linolenic acid |
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Name the active constituent: Witch hazel |
tannins
|
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Name the active constituent: Camomile |
apigenin |
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Name the active constituent: Tea tree oil |
(+)-terpinen-4-ol |
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Name the active constituent: Camomile |
alpha-bisabolol |
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Name the active constituent: Arnica |
helenalin |
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The health condition for which it has promising or good evidence as a therapeutic intervention: Bromelain |
post-operative or post-traumatic swelling, especially of the nose & paranasal sinuses |
|
The health condition for which it has promising or good evidence as a therapeutic intervention: Aloe vera |
Psoriasis & genital herpes
|
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The health condition for which it has promising or good evidence as a therapeutic intervention: Tea tree oil |
cutaneous fungal infections
|
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The health condition for which it has promising or good evidence as a therapeutic intervention: Witch hazel |
hemorrhoidal disease
|
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The health condition for which it has promising or good evidence as a therapeutic intervention: Evening primrose oil |
atopic eczema |
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Comfrey products should have declared content of what potentially-toxic constituent? |
unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids |
|
Which botanical medicine may potentiate the effects of anticoagulant and platelet-inhibiting medications? |
Bromelain |
|
A German product containing which herb has shown positive results in the treatment of several types of skin disorders, including decubitus ulcers? |
Chamomile |
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Which preparation of aloe vera is suitable for topical treatment of skin conditions? |
gel |
|
An anti-inflammatory product called Phlogenzym (marketed in North America as Wobenzym PS) contains several ingredients, one of which is ___________. |
bromelain |
|
Which botanical is used both topically as an extract in tinctures, ointments, and oils as well as orally in homeopathic dilutions? |
arnica |
|
Which botanical agent may increase the potency of certain antibiotics? |
bromelain |
|
What is the latin binomial name? Devil's claw |
Harpagophytum procumbens |
|
What is the latin binomial name? Frankincense |
Boswellia serrata |
|
What is the latin binomial name? Feverfew |
Tanacetum perthenium
|
|
What is the latin binomial name? Butterbur |
Petasites hybridus
|
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What is the specific part used for pain in botanical medicine? Devil's claw |
tuber
|
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What is the specific part used for pain in botanical medicine? Boswellin |
gum resin
|
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What is the specific part used for pain in botanical medicine? Willow |
bark
|
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What is the specific part used for pain in botanical medicine? Peppermint |
essential oil from leaf
|
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What is the specific part used for pain in botanical medicine? Feverfew |
leaf
|
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What is the specific part used for pain in botanical medicine? Butterbur |
rhizome |
|
What is the proposed active constituent or licensed standardized extract? Feverfew |
parthenolide |
|
What is the proposed active constituent or licensed standardized extract? Cayenne |
capsaicinoids |
|
What is the proposed active constituent or licensed standardized extract? Willow bark |
salacin |
|
What is the proposed active constituent or licensed standardized extract? Devil's claw |
iridoid glycosides |
|
What is the proposed active constituent or licensed standardized extract? Butterbur |
Petadolex |
|
Persons allergic to members of the daisy family should be cautious consuming which TWO herbs? |
Feverfew & Butterbur |
|
Persons sensitive to aspirin should not use which herb? |
Willow bark |
|
Which TWO botanicals have been shown effective against some types of pain when used topically? |
Capsaicin & Peppermint |
|
Which botanical has been shown clinically effective specifically against tension headache? |
Peppermint |
|
For which TWO painful conditions have Devil's claw preparations been studied in controlled trials? |
Osteoarthritis & Chronic back pain |
|
Capsaicin preparations have been studied in controlled trials for treating all of the following painful conditions except one. Which one has NOT been studied? |
Migraine headache |
|
Which botanical has been found more effective as the whole dried herb than as an ethanolic extract? |
Feverfew |
|
For which botanical extract is it important to have a guarantee that it is free of pyrrolizidine alkaloids? |
Butterbur |
|
Interrupting which herb after taking it for a long time may result in difficulty sleeping, headaches, joint pain, nervousness, and stiff muscles? |
Feverfew |
|
Which part of the plant is used? Ginkgo biloba |
leaf only |
|
Which part of the plant is used? St. John's wort |
leaf & flowers |
|
Clinically-proven preparations are alcohol-water extracts: St. John's wort, Gingko biloba, or BOTH |
St. John's wort |
|
Extracts contain phytochemicals from the flavonoid family: St. John's wort, Gingko biloba, or BOTH |
BOTH |
|
Which constituent of ginkgo must be remove because it has been shown to incite allergic responses and other toxic reactions? |
ginkgolic acids |
|
On which two families of constituents are medicinal ginkgo extracts standardized? |
flavonoid glycosides & terpene lactones |
|
T or F: Since no pharmacokinetic studies of ginkgo extracts have been done, the amount absorbed and bioavailable is unknown. |
False |
|
Inhibits synaptic reuptake of neurotransmitters: Hypericum perforatum or Gingko biloba |
Hypericum perforatum |
|
Upregulates 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors: Hypericum perforatum or Gingko biloba |
Hypericum perforatum (St John's Wort) |
|
Increases tolerance of brain tissue to hypoxia: Hypericum perforatum or Gingko biloba |
Gingko biloba |
|
Inhibits platelet activation factor (PAF): Hypericum perforatum or Gingko biloba |
Gingko biloba |
|
Reduces "behavioral despair" in animal models: Hypericum perforatum or Gingko biloba |
Hypericum perforatum (St. John's Wort) |
|
Increases skin reponse to the effects of UV radiation: Hypericum perforatum or Gingko biloba |
Hypericum perforatum (SJW) |
|
Inhibits age-related decline of choline and alpha-adrenergic receptors: Hypericum perforatum or Gingko biloba |
Gingko biloba |
|
Affects brain waves evaluated by computer-analyzed EEG: Hypericum perforatum or Gingko biloba |
Gingko biloba |
|
T or F: While ginkgo has been demonstrated to have value in the treatment of dementia, it has never been found helpful for improving cognitive function in non-demented subjects. |
False |
|
T or F: Only St. John's wort extracts with moderate to high hyperforin content have been found effective in clinical trials |
False |
|
T or F: The placebo effect probaby accounts for at least 50% of the beneficial effects of St. John's wort on depression |
True |
|
T orF: Lower cost and fewer adverse effects are two distinct advantages of either ginkgo or hypericum extracts over pharmaceutical medicines typically prescribed for dementia or depression, respectively. |
True |
|
T orF: Marked improvement in depressive symptoms can be expected to occur withing one to two weeks of therapy with hypericum extracts. |
False |
|
St. John's wort may interact significantly with which of the following types of drugs? (choose all of the correct answers) * Immunosuppressants* Protease and reverse transcriptase inhibitors * Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) * Anticoagulants |
*Anticoagulants (Coumain) *Protease and reverse transcriptase inhibitors (Virostatic drugs) * Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) **Oral contraceptives decrease in efficacy |
|
What is the Latin binomial name of Kava? |
Piper methysticum |
|
What is the Latin binomial name of Hops? |
Humulus lupulus
|
|
What is the Latin binomial name of Lemon balm? |
Melissa officianlis
|
|
What is the plant part primarily used in Kava? |
rhizome |
|
What is the plant part primarily used in Valerian? |
root
|
|
What is the plant part primarily used in Lavender? |
flowers only, any gender |
|
What is the plant part primarily used in Hops? |
stobiles (female flowers)
|
|
What is the plant part primarily used in Lemon balm? |
leaf
|
|
What is the plant part primarily used in Passion flower? |
aerial parts, including fruits
|
|
What is the active constituent of Valerian? |
sesquiterpenes |
|
What is the active constituent of Lavender? |
linalyl acetate and cineol |
|
What is the active constituent of Kava? |
pyrones |
|
What is the active constituent of Hops? |
humulone and lupulone |
|
What is the active constituent of Lemon balm? |
geranial, ceral, and rosmarinic acid |
|
Which medicinal herb has been studied primarily as aromatherapy? |
Lavender
|
|
Upon which neurotransmitter does valerian appear to exert its pharmacological effects? |
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) |
|
T or F: Kuhlmann (1999) demonstrated that valerian extract had no adverse effects on the reaction time, alertness, or concentration |
True |
|
T or F: Patients with sleep disturbances can expect to achieve improvement after only a few days of valerian use. |
False |
|
According to our text, which two additional herbal calmatives have been tested in combination with valerian in clinical studies? |
Hops & Lemon balm |
|
What are the reported side effects of Kava? |
* Dystonia
* Interaction with drugs used for Parkinson's disease |
|
What is the reported side effect of Lavender (oral use)? |
Headache, appetite changes, constipation |
|
What is the reported side effect of Lavender (topical use)? |
Breast growth in young boys |
|
What is the Latin binomial name of Foxglove? |
Digitalis purpurea |
|
What is the Latin binomial name of Hawthorne? |
Crataegus monogyna
|
|
What is the Latin binomial name of Horse chestnuts? |
Aesculus hippocastanum
|
|
Which plant part is used with the herb Hawthorne? |
leaves & flowers |
|
Which plant part is used with the herb Rosemary? |
leaves only
|
|
Which plant part is used with the herb Horse chestnut? |
seed
|
|
What is the active constituent of Hawthorne? |
flavonoids or oligomeric procyanidins |
|
What is the active constituent of Coffee & black tea? |
Methylxanthines
|
|
What is the active constituent of Hoser chestnut? |
aescin |
|
T or F: A single dose of hawthorn extract has discernible effects on subjective complaints related to cardiac insufficiency |
False |
|
Indicate all of the pharmacological effects of hawthorn extracts demonstrated in preclinical research in vitro or in animal models. A. Increase in coronary blood flowIncreased amplitude of myocardial contractions B. Cardioprotective effects during recovery from cardiac ischemia, indicated by reduced release of lactate dehydrogenase C. Increase in cardiac stroke volume D. A and B E. All of the above |
E. All of the above |
|
All but one of the following herbs is a source of digitaloids that are not recommended for phytotherapeutic use due to their pharmacokinetic and other shortcomings. Which one? |
Foxglove |
|
Which medicinal herb has been studied primarily as aromatherapy for circulatory disorders? |
Rosemary |
|
Esculin is a toxin that must be processed out of ___________, and is one reason why the raw or unprocessed herb should not be used. |
Horse chestnut |
|
What is the Latin binomial for Turmeric? |
Curcuma longa |
|
What is the Latin binomial for Dandelion? |
Taraxacum officinalis
|
|
What is the Latin binomial for Licorice?
|
Glycyrrhyza glabra |
|
Which plant part is used for Artichoke? Latin binomial |
Leaves only Cynara scolymus |
|
Which plant part is used for Ginger? |
Rhizome only
|
|
Which plant part is used for Chamomile? |
Flowers |
|
What is the active constituent of Peppermint? |
Menthol
|
|
What is the active constituent of Turmeric? |
Curcumin |
|
What is the active constituent of Artichoke? |
Cynarin (phenolic acid derivative)
|
|
**Which mechanism of action is associated with this in the treatment of digestive tract dysfunction? Cholegogue |
Promote bile production & emptying of the gallbladder |
|
Match the herb with the digestive condition best proven to respond to its use: Artichoke
|
Complaints in the upper abdomen aggravated by fat intake |
|
Match the herb with the digestive condition best proven to respond to its use: Peppermint oil
|
Irritable bowel syndrome
|
|
Match the herb with the digestive condition best proven to respond to its use: Licorice
|
Peptic ulcer |
|
Which TWO alcoholic beverages use wormwood as an ingredient?
|
Vermouth & absinthe |
|
As treatment or prevention of nausea and vomiting, the effectiveness of ginger is least convincing when which of the following is the cause?
A. Chemotherapy B. Morning sickness C. Sea sickness D. Postoperative |
D. Postoperative
|
|
T or F: In the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, peppermint oil given in delayed-release (enteric-coated) formulations has more clinical evidence than conventional formulations, and may be less likely to cause side effects of nausea, heartburn, and abdominal discomfort. |
False |
|
Which component of licorice has mineralocorticoid-like action, and is removed in some formulations to prevent side effects of blood pressure elevation and potassium loss?
|
Glycyrrhizin |
|
Which herb is recommended NOT to be used in large amounts during pregnancy, based on research suggesting increased risk of preterm labor? |
Licorice |
|
What is the Latin binomial for Flax? |
Linum usitatissimum
|
|
What is the Latin binomial for Wheat? |
Triticum aestivum
|
|
What is the Latin binomial forPsyllium? |
Plantago species
|
|
What is the Latin binomial forMilk thistle? |
Silybum marianum |
|
What is the mechanism of action: Psyllium husk |
Bulk forming laxative |
|
What is the mechanism of action: Sorbitol |
Osmotic laxative |
|
What is the mechanism of action: Senna pods and leaves |
Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa |
|
What is the mechanism of action: Aloe latex |
Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa
|
|
Tannin-containing herbs can play an important role in the control of which health condition? |
Acute diarrhea |
|
T or F: Consumption of 2 liters per day of tea by healthy subjects for four days resulted in prolonged intestinal transit time. |
True |
|
The ability of apples, bananas, and carrots to help control diarrhea can be attributed to which common constituent? |
Pectins |
|
According to our text, Saccharomyces boulardii has been effective for controlling or preventing diarrhea resulting from all but one of the following causes. Which one? A. Travel-related diarrhea B. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea C. Nutritionally-related (feeding by garage) D. Infectious diarrhea |
D. Infectious diarrhea |
|
Which botanical is a potential source of hydrogen cyanide, but was shown not to raise blood cyanide levels in healthy subjects consuming moderate amounts over a 4-week period? |
Flaxseed |
|
T or F: Wheat bran having coarse particles will be less effective for shortening intestinal transit time than wheat bran having smaller particles. |
False |
|
Which type of botanical remedy for constipation is most likely to produce adverse effects of loose stools and colicky abdominal pain. |
Anthranoid-containing herbs |
|
Which TWO laxative herbs are no longer FDA-approved for use in over-the-counter medications due to lack of modern clinical and safety data? |
Cascara & aloe |
|
Senna may be contraindicated in people taking either diuretics, horsetail, or licorice, due to concerns about altered blood levels of ___________. |
Potassium |
|
T or F: While human trials of patients with cirrhosis of the liver have found silymarin treatment provides supportive benefits, improved survival rates have never been demonstrated. |
False |
|
What part of the milk thistle plant is the typical source from which silymarin is extracted? |
Seed |
|
What is the Latin binomial for Saw palmetto? |
Serenoa repens
|
|
What is the Latin binomial forNettle? |
Urtica dioica
|
|
What is the Latin binomial forPygeum? |
Prunus africana
|
|
What is the Latin binomial forChasteberry? |
Vitex agnus-castus |
|
What is the Latin binomial forBlack cohosh? |
Cimicifuga racemosa
|
|
Which plant part is used in Saw palmetto? |
Fruit
|
|
Which plant part is used in Chasteberry? |
Fruit
|
|
Which plant part is used in Nettle? |
Root and/or rhizome
|
|
Which plant part is used in Black cohosh? |
Root and/or rhizome |
|
Which plant part is used in Pygeum? |
Bark |
|
What are the active constituents of Saw palmetto? |
Fatty acids & sterols |
|
What are the active constituents of Pygeum? |
Phytosterols, pentacyclic terpenes, & ferulic acid esters |
|
What are the active constituents of Black cohosh? |
Triterpene glycosides |
|
Which herb has been best demonstrated for effectiveness against benign prostatic hypertrophy, based on the largest number of total subjects enrolled in randomized controlled trials, and comparisons with both placebo and established medical therapies? |
Saw palmetto |
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All of the following mechanisms, except one, have been demonstrated for saw palmetto extracts. Which one has NOT been demonstrated for saw palmetto extracts?
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Inhibit prostatic aromatase
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All of the following mechanisms, except one, have been identified for nettle extracts. Which one is NOT a mechanism for nettle extracts?
A. Reduce blood prolactin levels B. Anti-inflammatory effects C. Inhibition of 5-alpha reductase enzyme D. Inhibit prostatic aromatase |
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Two of the following mechanisms have been demonstrated for pygeum extracts, one has not. Which one has NOT been demonstrated for pygeum extracts? A. Inhibition of 5-alpha reductase enzyme B. Inhibition of aromatase enzyme activity C. Interactions with sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG) |
C. Interactions with sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG)
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The clinical effects of chasteberry probably depend on modifying the activity of which hormone?
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Prolactin |
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Which of the following is TRUE?
A. People taking dopamine-related medications, such as certain antipsychotic drugs and Parkinson's disease medications, should avoid using chaste berry. B. Blue cohosh is an acceptable substitute for black cohosh C. Saw palmetto appears to affect readings of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels |
A. People taking dopamine-related medications, such as certain antipsychotic drugs and Parkinson's disease medications, should avoid using chasteberry.
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Which of the following best describes the assumption regarding the anti-stress function of herbs such as the ginseng?
A. Expands the adaptation phase while delaying or preventing the exhaustion phase of the stress response. B. Expands both the adaptation phase and the exhaustion phase of the stress response. C. Delays or prevents both the adaptation phase and the exhaustion phase of the stress response. D. Expands the exhaustion phase while delaying or preventing the adaptation phase of the stress response. |
A. Expands the adaptation phase while delaying or preventing the exhaustion phase of the stress response. |
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What is the Latin binomial for Siberian ginseng? |
Eleutherococcus senticosus
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What is the Latin binomial for American ginseng? |
Panax quinquefolius
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What is the Latin binomial for Ashwagandha? |
Withnia somnifera |
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What is the Latin binomial for Gotu kola? |
Centella asiatica
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What is the Latin binomial for Goldenseal? |
Hydrastis canadensis |
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Which plant part is used in Ginseng and Eleuthero? |
Root
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Which plant part is used inAshwagandha, Rhodiola, and Astragalus? |
Root |
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Which plant part is used inGotu kola? |
Leaf |
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What are the active constituents inAsian ginseng? |
Glycosidal saponins
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What are the active constituents inRhodiola? |
Rosavins
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What are the active constituents in Goldenseal? |
Berberine |
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Which adaptogenic herb was specifically found to have beneficial effects when used by students during a long examination period? |
Rhodiola |
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Which constituent is apparently not present in expressed juice echinacea products? |
cicoric acid |
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T or F: Studies such as Dorn (1989), showing that echinacea can shorten the duration of a cold, typically give larger amounts of the preparation when symptoms first appear, followed by a smaller dosage for the remainder of treatment. |
True |
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According to our text, why may liquid echinacea preparations be more effective than solid forms that are swallowed? |
Liquid preparations may act locally on lymphoid tissues in the oropharynx |
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All of the following side effects have been reported for ginseng. According to NCCAM, which group may have been due to another herb or drug in the ginseng product? A. Breast tenderness, menstrual irregularities, and high blood pressure B. Lower levels of blood sugar in diabetics C. Allergic reactions D. Headaches and sleep and gastrointestinal problems |
A. Breast tenderness, menstrual irregularities, and high blood pressure |
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People are more likely to experience allergic reactions to echinacea if they are allergic to which groups of plants? |
Ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, and daisies |
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**What is the physiological action of a Diaphoretic ? |
Induces perspiration |
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**What is the physiological action of an Expectorant? |
Increase ciliary activity, reduce mucus viscosity, liquefy pulmonary secretions |
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**What is the physiological action of an Anti-tussive? |
Reduce irritability & stimulation of cough receptors above & below the pharynx |
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**What is the physiological action of a Mucilaginous? |
Form protective coating over pharyngeal mucosa |
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What is the Latin binomial of Ivy? |
Hedera helix
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What is the Latin binomial of Butterbur? |
Petasides hybridus
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Which plant part is used in Ivy? |
Leaf |
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Which plant part is used inLinden, elder, or meadowsweet? |
Flower
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Which plant part is used inEucalyptus? |
Leaf |
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What is the active constituent of Eucalyptus ? |
Cineol |
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What is the active constituent of Ivy? |
Saponins
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What is the active constituent ofEphedra? |
Alkaloids
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Which one of the following herbs has NOT been traditionally used to induce diaphoresis? A. Elder B. Ivy C. Linden D. Meadowseet |
B. Ivy |
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T or F: Research on the pain-relieving efficacy of willow bark proves that virtually all of the effect is due to the salicylate content of the herb. |
False |
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Which one of the following herbs is NOT used as a source of essential oils in cough remedies and expectorants? A. Butterbur B. Pine C. Thyme D. Eucalyptus E. Spruce Needle |
A. Butterbur
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T or F: According to our text, strong preparations of essential oils are contraindicated for use in the facial region of infants and children under 2 years of age |
True |
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People are more likely to experience allergic reactions to butturbur if they are allergic to which of the following groups of plants?
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Ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, and daisies
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T/F: Two factors that determine the composition of an extract are quality of raw material and production process. |
True |