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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Metabolism
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The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism.
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Anabolism
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Synthesis of chemical compounds (combine simpler substances into more complex molecules.) Requires energy (endergonic) e.g. Protein from amino acid.
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Catabolism
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Break down of complex compounds into simpler ones. Releases energy. (exergonic)
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True
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Most metabolism requires energy.
T/F |
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Enzymes
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Biological catalyst (speeds up reactions) (unaltered by reaction) A specialized protein that speeds up a reaction without being altered by the reaction.
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catalyst
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Biological ___________
A specialized protein that speeds up a reaction without being altered by the reaction. |
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Enzymes lower the "Activation energy"
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What is the mechanism for enzyme action?
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"Activation energy"
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the amount of energy to get it going.
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Active site
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Gives the enzyme it specificity. Where it binds to the substrate.
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substrate
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Active site binds with the _________ to form an enzyme-substrate complex.
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enzymes
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Some _______ are protein only, others have a protein and a nonprotein portion.
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Apoenzyme
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The protein portion of the enzyme is called ____________.
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Cofactor
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What is the nonprotein portion of the enzyme called?
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Coenzyme
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What is the organic cofactor portion of the enzyme called?
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holoenzymes
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Apoenzymes + Cofactor = ____________.
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"lock and key" fit
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Enzymes only react w/ a specific substrate.
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Specificity
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__________ is due to surface configuration/conformation (shape) of the protein.
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Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary structure
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What is the conformation (shape) the result of in enzyme structure?
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Weak interactions
(hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions.) |
What holds the enzymes together?
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Hydrogen bonding
Ionic bonds Hydrophobic interactions |
What are the names of the weak interactions in enzymes?
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Hydrogen bonding
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holds pleated sheet together.
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Ionic bonds
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+ and -
opposite charges attract during this bond. |
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Hydrophobic interactions
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Water hating interactions
nonpolar R groups. |
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Covalent linkage
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Disulfide bridges btwn two cysteine monomers.
Disulfide bonds In addition to conformation specificity involves ionic character. |
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ionic character.
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In addition to conformation specificity involves _____ __________.
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Disulfide
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_________ bridges btwn two cysteine monomers.
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Denaturing of enzymes by temp or pH
Substrate concentration Competitive inhibition Noncompetitive inhibition Feedback inhibition |
What are the factors influencing enzyme activity?
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Substrate concentration
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AkA saturation
There is a max rate at which a certain amount of enzyme can catalyzed a specific reaction. as an increase in substrate, it plateus. |
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Competitive inhibition
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competition btwn inhibitor and true substrate for they bind at the active site, and the enzyme can no longer bind correctly or not at all.
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Noncompetitive inhibition
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they bind to the allosteric sites on the enzyme.
e.g. poisons. |
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Feedback inhibition
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This control mechanism stops the cell from wasting chemical resources by making more of a substance than it needs.
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Noncompetitive inhibitors
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do not compete with the substrate for the enzymes active site; instead, they interact with another part of the enzyme called the allosteric site.
This causes the active site to change its shape and become nonfunctional. |
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Exoenzyme/Extracellular enzymes
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Function outside the cell. (enzyme)
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Endoenzymes/Intracellular enzymes
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Enzyme that functions inside the cell.
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Energy
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The capacity to do work.
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Kinetic
Potential |
What are the two states of energy?
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Kinetic energy
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The energy of motion.
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Potential energy
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Energy which is stored (inactive).
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1st law of thermodynamics
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Energy is conserved
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be transformed: changed from one form to another. |
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2nd law of thermodynamics
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In any change of energy from one form to another entropy (disorder) increases. Some of the energy becomes unavailable to do work.
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Entropy
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a measure of the degreee of disorder or randomness of a system.
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energy
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To maintain life (a complex ordered system) cells need a constant source of _______.
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Oxidation and Reduction reactions
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Electrons are transferred from one atom to another.
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oxidized
(oil) |
Atoms that lose electrons are "________"
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reduced
(rig) |
Atoms that gain electrons are "_________".
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hydrogen
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In the oxidation-reduction reaction, in biological systems, the electrons are often associated with ___________ atoms.
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Biological oxidations
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_________ __________ are often dehydrogenations.
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ATP
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In oxidation-reduction, organisms concentrate (stored energy)energy in the high energy bonds of _____.
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