第５課・上級へのとびら Grammar From 文法ノート

Front 1

一日当たり５千円もらったことになる。

Back 1

I will mean I received 5 thousand yen per day.

Hint 1

number+counter当たりNumber+counter
Means: per~; a ~; for a ~

Front 2

一時間当たり１０ドル

Back 2

10 dollars per hour

Hint 2

number+counter当たりNumber+counter
Means: per~; a ~; for a ~

Front 3

一人当たりのコスト

Back 3

cost per person

Hint 3

number+counter当たりのN
Means: per~; a ~; for a ~

Front 4

背が高いのは弟の方だ。でも、足が速いのは僕の方だ。

Back 4

It is my younger brother who is tall. But it is I who am faster.

Hint 4

SのはXの方だ。
This is used to emphasize that it is X that makes the proposition (assertion/judgement) in S true.
Means: It is X that S.

Front 5

あのレストランは静かだ。でも、食べ物がおいしいのはこのレストランの方だと思う。

Back 5

That restaurant is quiet. But I think it is this restaurant that has delicious food.

Hint 5

SのはXの方だ。
This is used to emphasize that it is X that makes the proposition (assertion/judgement) in S true.
Means: It is X that S.

Front 6

一週間に一回はプールで泳ぐようにしている。

Back 6

I'm trying my best to swim at least once a week.

Hint 6

#(+counter)は

When the particle は follows a quantifier (i.e. a word such as 3本 or 少し), it adds the meaning "at least."

Front 7

仕事が忙しくても、昼ご飯だけは食べて下さいね。

Back 7

No matter how busy you are at work, please at least eat lunch.

Hint 7

N　(だけ／ぐらい／くらい）は
When the particle は follows a quantifier (i.e. a word such as 3本 or 少し), it adds the meaning "at least." だけは、ぐらいは、and くらいは after a noun have the same meaning.

Front 8

日本には、本州をはじめ四つの大きな島がある。

Back 8

Japan, starting with Honshuu, has four large islands.

Hint 8

Nをはじめ
means: beginning with~; starting with ~; including ~

Front 9

もうこれ以上は食べられません。

Back 9

I can't eat any more than this.

Hint 9

Demonstrative Pronoun 以上
means:"equal to or more than X"; "more than;" "or more"

Front 10

１８歳以上の人しか見られません。

Back 10

Those who aren't 18 years old or more can't watch.

Hint 10

# (+counter) 以上

means: equal to or more than X, more than, or more

Front 11

プレゼントは５０ドル以下の物にしようと思う。

Back 11

I'm thinking as a present I will get something for $50 or less.

Hint 11

＃（＋counter) 以下
means "equal to or less than X;" "less than;" "or less"

Front 12

コースを開くためには、学生が五人以上必要です。それ以下の場合は、キャンセルです。

Back 12

In order to open the class there must be 5 students or more. In the event that it is less than that, the class will be canceled.

Hint 12

＃（＋counter) 以下
Demonstrative pronoun 以下

The first means "equal to or more than X"
The second is "equal to or less than X, less than, or less"

Front 13

私は、愛さえあれば幸せです。

Back 13

As long as I have love, I am happy.

Hint 13

N( =clause X) さえ V–cond (=clause Y)
Means: If~ only ~; If~ just ~; as long as; If only (clause X), then (Clause Y)
The grammar is used when the condition presented in the clause is the only condition to make the statement in the main clause true. さえ replaces が and を, but never any other particle in this structure.

Front 14

いい友達さえいれば、他に欲しいものありません。

Back 14

If I only had good friends, then I wouldn't want anything else.

Hint 14

N( =clause X) さえ V–cond (=clause Y)
Means: If~ only ~; If~ just ~; as long as; If only (clause X), then (Clause Y)
The grammar is used when the condition presented in the clause is the only condition to make the statement in the main clause true. さえ replaces が and を, but never any other particle in this structure.

Front 15

雨さえ降らなければ、車の運転は怖くない。

Back 15

As long as it doesn't rain, driving a car isn't scary.

Hint 15

N( =clause X) さえ V–cond (=clause Y)
Means: If~ only ~; If~ just ~; as long as; If only (clause X), then (Clause Y)
The grammar is used when the condition presented in the clause is the only condition to make the statement in the main clause true. さえ replaces が and を, but never any other particle in this structure.

Front 16

20年も乗っていた車がついにうごくなってしまった。

Back 16

The car we used for as many as 20 years finally stopped working.

Hint 16

ついに
meaning: at last; in the end; after all
is an adverb indicating that something happens or something expected doesn't happen, after waiting for it, longing for it, expecting it to happen, making an effort to make it happen, or after struggling/suffering in a hard situation for a long time.

Front 17

日本の有名な小説がハリウッドで映画化させることになった。

Back 17

It has been decided that a famous Japanese novel will become a movie in Hollywood.

Hint 17

N+化する
Meaning: –ize; make; become; change to
化する is a suffix and adds the meaning "–ization" to nouns and no–adjectives.

Front 18

この大学は外国人が多くて、国際化が進んでいる。

Back 18

There are many foreigners at this school, and internationalization is continuing.

Hint 18

N＋化
Meaning: –ization; making ~; becoming~; changing to ~

The suffix 化 adds the meaning "–ization" to nouns and no–adjectives.

Front 19

最適化
一般化

Back 19

さいてきか：optimization
いっぱんか：generalization

Hint 19

ANo + 化

Meaning: –ization; making ~; becoming~; changing to ~

The suffix 化 adds the meaning "–ization" to nouns and no–adjectives.

Front 20

先生のオフィスアワーに研究室に行きました。ところが、先生はいらしゃらなかった。

Back 20

I went to the professor's office during my teacher's office hours. Nevertheless, the teacher wasn't there.

Hint 20

S１。ところが　S２
where S1=what's expected; S2= what actually occurred.

Means: however; but; nevertheless

ところが is a sentence initial conjunction used when something takes place which is unexpected from the preceding context. NOTE: ところがS2 is an event the speaker CANNOT control (like the sensei not being there as expected) In the event that something unexpected didn't happen by the speaker's doing でも is the appropriate conjunction (such as, the teacher was there, but speaker changed his mind to meet her at the last second)

Front 21

スミスさんは日本に１０年も住んでいたから、日本語が上手に話せるに違いない。

Back 21

Ms. Smith has spent as many as 10 years living in Japan, I'm certain she can speak japanese skillfully.

Hint 21

〜に違いない
This structure indicates that the speaker is certain that something is true or is the case. PRIMARLY USED IN WRITTEN language.

Front 22

日本のマンガをもとにしてたくさんのアニメやゲームが作られている。

Back 22

Lots of anime and games are made based on Japanese comics.

Hint 22

N をもとに（して）
is a compound particle meaning "based on." Here, して is optional.

Front 23

これは、私の子供の時の経験をもとにした小説です。

Back 23

This is the novel based on my childhood experiences.

Hint 23

N1 をもとにした N2
Means: N2 "based on" N1

Front 24

母と同じで、私もえびのアレルギーがあるので、えびはたべられないんです。

Back 24

Just like my mom, I have an allergy to shrimp, so I don't eat shrimp.

Hint 24

N と同じで
Meaning: "just like N'

Front 25

スノーボードはスキーと違って、スティックを使わずにすべります。

Back 25

The snowboard is different from Y in that you can slide without using a stick.

Hint 25

XはYと違っう／と同じだ/ 似ている
X is "the same as"/ ""different from"/ "similar to" Y
This form is used when X and Y are in a reciprocal relationship.

Front 26

多くの国に違って、日本では２０歳にならないと投票できない。

Back 26

Japan is different from many countries in that you cannot vote until you turn 20.

Hint 26

N　と違って
means= unlike N; Different from N; unlike ~

Front 27

田中さんは長い間アメリカに住んでいたので、あまり日本人らしくない。

Back 27

Mr. Tanaka spent a along time living in America, so he isn't very much like a typical Japanese person.

Hint 27

〜らしくない／らしくありません
Means: not much like, not typical of ~; not typical~; not X–like.

Front 28

「男らしい」とか「女らしい」という言葉は、あまり好きではありません。誰でも、その人らしく生きればいいのではないでしょうだ。

Back 28

I don't like words such as "manly" or "womanly" very much. Wouldn't it be good if people just lived in the way right for them?

Hint 28

N らしい
means that something/someone is representative of N. and XはNらしい conveys the idea that X has the positive characteristics of N. NOTE: らしい is an i–adjective so the noun–mod and adverbial forms are らしい and らしく respectively.

Front 29

アメリカ的；歴史的な
文学的な；国際的
一般的；

Back 29

American; historical
literary; international
general

Hint 29

N+的
the suffix is attached to nouns to make them な–adjectives. When these adj modify nouns, the な is sometimes omitted.

Front 30

漢字がもっと簡単に覚えられたらいいのになあ。

Back 30

I wish it was easier to be able to memorize kanji.

Hint 30

S–plain.past (V are typically volitional) らいいのになあ。
is used to express the speaker's wish, which, in this structure, is usually counterfactual. なあ serves to make it more emotive. Verbs, usually volitional, refer to the SPEAKER'S actions. This is a very casual expression.

Front 31

量は多かったけれど、お腹がすいていたから、ほとんど食べてしまった。

Back 31

There was too much food, but I was really hungry so I ate almost all of it.

Hint 31

ほとんど　V
Means "almost all; most of (it, the time, etc.)"
It is only used with the amount of something is the issue.

Front 32

おいしい料理だったが、お腹が痛くてほとんど食べられなかった。

Back 32

The food was delicious, but my stomach was hurting so I hardly ate any of it.

Hint 32

ほとんど〜ない。
means: hardly (ever); rarely; almost no(thing)

Front 33

ほとんどの人が彼のことを知っている。

Back 33

Almost all people know him.

Hint 33

ほとんどの N
means Almost all N; most of N

Front 34

先生の説明を聞いて、分かったような気がしたけど、家に帰ってもう一度勉強し直したら、また分からなくなってしまった。

Back 34

It seemed to me that I understood after hearing the teacher's explanation, but after returning home and trying to study it over again, once again, I didn't understand it.

Hint 34

~(ような）気がする
Meaning; I feel that~: I have a feeling that ~; have the impression that ~; it seems to me that~

It indicates that the speaker is not certain about something, but has the feeling that it's true. ような can be dropped without changing the meaning.

Front 35

誰かがドアをノックしたような気がするから、ちょっと見てくれない？

Back 35

I have a feeling that someone knocked on the door, would you go have a look?

Hint 35

~(ような）気がする
Meaning; I feel that~: I have a feeling that ~; have the impression that ~; it seems to me that~

It indicates that the speaker is not certain about something, but has the feeling that it's true. ような can be dropped without changing the meaning.

Front 36

これから公園へサッカーをしに行くところです。

Back 36

From here, we are about to go play soccer at the park.

Hint 36

V–nonpast ところ
Means: (when) ~is about to V

Front 37

話すところ

Back 37

~is about to talk

Hint 37

V–nonpast ところ
Means: (when) ~ is about to V

ところ indicates a point in time just before, during, or just after an event, the time indicated depends on the preceding verb tense.

Front 38

食べているところ
考えているところ
電話をかけているところ

Back 38

(when) ~is eating

(while) ~ is thinking

(when) ~ is in the midst of calling

Hint 38

V−teいるところ
Means: (when)~ is V–ing; (while)~is V–ing; (when)~ is in the midst of V–ing
ところ indicates a point in time just before, during, or just after an event, the time indicated depends on the preceding verb tense.

Front 39

ちょうど勉強が終わったところに友達から電話がかかってきた。

Back 39

Exactly after I had just studied, I got a call from my friend.

Hint 39

V−past ところ
Means: (after) ~have just V–ed
ところ indicates a point in time just before, during, or just after an event, the time indicated depends on the preceding verb tense. When ところに appears the clause is a time clause, as here.