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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Consciousness
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Our awareness of ourselves and our environment
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Circadium Rhythm
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The biological clock, regular bodily rhythms (for example temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle.
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REM Sleep
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Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed but other body systems are active.
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Alpha Waves
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The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.
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Sleep
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Periodic, natural loss of consciousness - as distinct from the unconsciousness resultign from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation.
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Hallucinations
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False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.
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Delta Waves
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The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.
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NREM Sleep
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Non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep.
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Insomnia
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Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.
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Narcolepsy
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A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.
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Sleep Apnea
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A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.
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Night Terrors
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A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within tow or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.
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Dream
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A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.
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Manifest Content
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According to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content).
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Latent Content
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According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream ( as distinct from its manifest content).
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REM Rebound
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The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep).
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Hypnosis
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A social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.
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6
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Learning
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A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience.
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Habituation
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An organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it.
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Associative Learning
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Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).
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Classical Conditioning
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A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.
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Behaviorism
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The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
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UR
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In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the US, such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
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US
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In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response.
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CR
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In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).
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CS
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In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response.
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Acquisition
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In classical conditioning, the intial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.
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Higher-Order Conditioning
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A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order conditioning.
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7
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Memory
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The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.
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Encoding
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The processing of information into the memory system - for example, by extracting meaning.
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Storage
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The retention of encoded information over time.
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Retrieval
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The process of getting information out of memory storage.
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Sensory Imagery
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The immediate, very breif recording of sensory information in the memory system.
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Short-Term Memory
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Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.
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Long-Term Memory
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The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
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Working Memory
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A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.
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Parallel Processing
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The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.
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Automatic Processing
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Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.
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Effortful Processing
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Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
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Rehearsal
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The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.
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Spacing Effect
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The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.
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Serial Position Effect
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Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.
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Visual Encoding
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The encoding of picture images.
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Acoustic Encoding
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The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.
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Semantic Encoding
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The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.
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