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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
undifferentiated cells that differentiate into osteoblasts during growth and healing
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Osteogenic
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bone building cells
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Osteoblasts
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mature bone cells active in maintaining the bony matrix
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Osteocytes
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cells that function in the resorption of bone
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Osteoclasts
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membrane that covers bones (except articular ends)
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Periosteum
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membrane lining spaces of spongy bone, marrow cavities
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Endosteum
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irregularly shaped bones located in ankles
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Short Bones
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layer of spongy bone between layers of compact bone
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Flat Bones
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shaft of the long bone - compact bone
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Diaphysis
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ends of long bones - covered with articular cartilage
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Epiphysis
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part of bone shaft that funnels out - bony trabeculae
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Metaphysis
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Hormonal action of bone & calcium:
Intestinal absorption of calcium |
Parathyroid increases
Calcitonin unaffected Vitamin D increases |
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Hormonal action of bone & calcium:
Renal Excretion of calcium |
Parathyroid increases
Calcitonin unaffected Vitamin D increases |
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Hormonal action of bone & calcium:
Serum calcium |
Parathyroid increases
Calcitonin decreases Vitamin D unaffected |
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Hormonal action of bone & calcium:
Bone resorption |
Parathyroid increases
Calcitonin decreases Vitamin D increases |
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Hormonal action of bone & calcium:
Bone formation |
Parathyroid increases
Calcitonin uncertain Vitamin D increases |
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Types of Fractures
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1. Complete or incomplete
2. Open(compound) or closed(simple) 3. Comminuted (2 or more fragments) |
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Types of fracture lines
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1. linear
2. oblique 3. spiral & transverse |
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4 steps of bone healing
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1. hematoma
2. callus 3. ossification 4. remodeling |
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stretching injury to muscle or tendons
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Strain
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ligament involvement, abnormal or excessive movement of a joint
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Sprain
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Degenerative joint disease leading cause of disability & pain in the elderly.
Problem with homeostatic mechanisms that maintain articular cartilage |
Osteoarthritis
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Causes of ________ ?
- Idiopathic - Trauma - Repeated stress - Congenital deformity - Hemophilia (or other conditions with chronic joint swelling) - Common in elderly - Obesity |
Osteoarthritis
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Manifestations of ________ ?
- pain(hips, knees and lumbar) |
Osteoarthritis
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Systematic inflammatory disease that affects 0.3 - 1.5% of the population(women 2-3x more than men)
aberrant immune response that leads to synovial inflammation and destruction of the joint architecture |
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
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Causes of ________ ?
- Autoimmune disease; Develops after an immune response Bacterium, mycoplasm or virus - Original response is IgG mediated - may destroy microorganism; Other antibodies produced (IgM or IgG); Self-directed antibodies called rheumatoid factors (RF) - Genetic predisposition; Women affected more - Various cytokines contribute |
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
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Manifestation of ________ ?
- symmetric, any diarthroidal joint, and polyarticular, joint pain and swelling, "spindle-shaped" appearance (esp. fingers) - Extracellular symptoms: fatigue, weakness, anorexia, weight loss, low-grade fever, rheumatiod nodules labs: elevated ESR, anemia |
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
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Complications of ________ ?
- Extrasynovial rheumatoid nodules develop on: Cardiac valves; Lungs; Eyes; Spleen - Vasculitis -> thrombosis & infarction |
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
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Causes of ________ ?
- inflammatory response to uric acid which results if increased levels of uric acid in body & body fluids, including synovial fluids |
Gout
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Syndrome caused by inflammatory response to uric acid which results if increased levels of uric acid in body &* body fluids, including synovial fluids
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Gout
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Manifestations of ________ ?
- Monoarticular and usually affects the first metatarsophalangeal joint, begins at night with pain in affected joint. |
Gout
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Causes of ________ ?
- Congenital structural deformity - Neuromuscular disease - Idiopathic - Poor posture causing deformity and pain - May compromise pulmonary function |
Scoliosis
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Complications of ________ ?
- back pain - respiratory, cardiac, and GI complications |
Scoliosis
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Density or mass of bone is reduced; spongy & compact bone are lost; involves major portions of axial skeleton
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Osteoporosis
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Causes of ________ ?
- Inadequate dietary calcium & magnesium intake - Lack of exercise - Lack of vitamin D - Decreased levels of estrogen - Family history - Excessive phosphorus (sodas & junkfood) |
Osteoporosis
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Patho of _______
Imbalance between bone resorption and formation such that bone resorption exceeds formation |
Osteoporosis
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Manifestations of ________ ?
- Silent disorder - first symptom usually a fracture - height loss with kyphosis (Dowager's hump) |
Osteoporosis
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inadequate & delayed mineralization of osteoid in mature compact and spongy bone
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Osteomalacia
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Causes of ________ ?
- Deficiency of vitamin D & Ca - Rare in USA - Disorders of small bowel - hepatobiliary system & pancreas; Anticonvulsant drug therapy; Renal osteodystrophy; phosphate deficiency due to renal loss or decreased intestinal absorption |
Osteomalacia
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Manifestations of ________ ?
- Bone pain - tenderness - fractures |
Osteomalacia
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Bone infection caused by bacteria (Staph aureus*, B streptococci*, fungi, parasites & viruses)
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Osteomyelitis
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Patho of _______
Different in children & adults Children - long bones / growth plate Adults - vertebrae, sacroiliac joints |
Osteomyelitis
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Manifestations of ________ ?
- symptoms of bacteremia - pain, swelling, redness |
Osteomyelitis
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Three major symptoms:
pain, presence of a mass, impairment of function. (can be present anywhere) |
Bone cancer
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Three types of RA in children
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1. Systemic onset (10%)
2. Pauciarticular arthritis (50%) 3. Polyarticular onset disease (40%) |
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Manifestations of ________ ?
- daily intermittent high fever, usually accompanied by a rash - generalized lymphadenopathy - hepatosplenomegaly - leukocytosis & anemia - Symptoms usually subside in 6 to 12 months (can also make appearance in adulthood) |
Systemic onset JRA
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Affects no more that 4 joints. Affects girls younger than 6 and boys with late-onset arthritis
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Pauciarticular JRA
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Affects 5 or more joints during the first 6 months. Systemic feature adds low-grade fever, weight loss, malaise, anemia, stunted growth, slight organomegaly (hepatsplenomegaly) and adenopathy
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Polyarticular JRA
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devascularized bone fragments
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sequestra
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long bone / growth plate bone infection. adjacent joint involved; periosteal new bone formation and reactive bone formation in the marrow tend to wall in the infection
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Child Osteomyelitis
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Vertebral / sacroiliac joint infection. first involves subchondral bone, then spreads to the joint space. In vertebrae sequential destruction of end plate, adjoining disk, and contiguous vertebral body.
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Adult Osteomyelitis
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