Path 404: Neoplasia

Front 1

True or false: Cells are unable to pass growth advantages on to daughter cells.

Back 1

false

Front 2

What does "relative autonomy" mean?

Back 2

Neoplastic cells are still dependent on/respond to the environment.

Front 3

"Cancer" refers to a _________ neoplasm.

Back 3

malignant

Front 4

True or false: Benign neoplasms can cause morbidity and even mortality.

Back 4

true

Front 5

A malignant neoplasm that arises from epithelial cells is called a __________.

Back 5

carcinoma

Front 6

A malignant neoplasm that arises from mesenchymal cells is called a ____________.

Back 6

sarcoma

Front 7

The contiguous growth of a neoplasm beyond its site of origin is called ________.

Back 7

invasion

Front 8

What makes a neoplasm dysplastic?

Back 8

If it has features of malignancy or a high likelihood of behaving malignantly in the future.

Front 9

When is a tumor considered truly malignant?

Back 9

When it has moved beyond the tissue of origin.

Front 10

True or false: during invasion, malignant cells degrade the surrounding tissue.

Back 10

true

Front 11

What type of enzymes help malignant cells degrade surrounding tissues?

Back 11

proteinases

Front 12

What is the term for non-contiguous spread of malignant cells throughout the body?

Back 12

metastasis

Front 13

The ability of malignant cells to grow through a vessel is called _________.

Back 13

intravasation

Front 14

The ability of malignant cells to migrate back out of a vessel at a distant site is called __________.

Back 14

extravasation

Front 15

The tumor's ability to stimulate growth of its own blood supply is known as _____________.

Back 15

angiogenesis

Front 16

The degree of resemblance of a neoplasm to its tissue of origin is called _______.

Back 16

differentiation

Front 17

True or false: cells are much more likely to be malignant if they are identical to the cells in the tissue of origin.

Back 17

false

Front 18

If it is not possible to tell the tissue of origin of metastatic tells, the cells are called _________.

Back 18

anaplastic

Front 19

True or false: a tumor can be benign and still metastasize.

Back 19

false (benign tumors are by definition not metastatic)

Front 20

_________ __________ are much more numerous in malignant neoplasms than in benign ones.

Back 20

mitotic figures

Front 21

True or false: malignant cells have large nuclei in relation to scant cytoplasm.

Back 21

true

Front 22

Name the staging system and list the characteristic associated with each letter.

Back 22

T: extent of local growth or characteristics of the tumor itself
N: extension to lymph nodes
M: presence of distant organ metastases

Front 23

True or false: Staging criteria is the same for all types of cancer.

Back 23

false

Front 24

List the four generalizations about malignant neoplasms.

Back 24

1. Cancer is a disease of genes
2. Cancer is clonal
3. Carcinogenesis is a multistep process
4. There are eight basic functions in cells commonly corrupted in the pathway to cancer

Front 25

Genes that are altered during the lifetime of the individual are called ________ mutations.

Back 25

somatic

Front 26

True or false; A populations of malignant cells is ultimately derived from a single mutated cell.

Back 26

true

Front 27

Why do most cancers occur in older people?

Back 27

The cumulative effect of the genetic alterations during a lifetime lead to a malignant phenotype.

Front 28

What types of proteins have genes that can be proto-oncogenes?

Back 28

1) growth factors 2) growth factor receptors 3) signal transducing molecules 4) transcription factors 5) cell cycle proteins

Front 29

An ___________ is the mutated and constitutively active form of the proto-oncogene.

Back 29

oncogene

Front 30

True or false: It only takes a mutation in one or two alleles of the proto-oncogene to cause altered protein function.

Back 30

True

Front 31

True or false: Tumor suppressor genes are normally present in the cell in the activated state.

Back 31

True

Front 32

Mutations in tumor suppressor genes affect functionality by causing them to ______________.

Back 32

lose functionality

Front 33

What is the most common tumor suppressor gene to be mutated?

Back 33

p53

Front 34

How does p53 act as a molecular policeman?

Back 34

When it detects DNA damage, it halts the cell in its cycle and recruits DNA repair machinery to reverse the damage.

Front 35

True or false: Only one allele of the p53 needs to be mutated for the protein to lose functionality.

Back 35

false

Front 36

What type of cancers are often characterized by alterations in anti-apoptopic molecules.

Back 36

B-cell lymphomas

Front 37

Name the type of cancer associated with a mutation in the following tumor suppressor genes: 1) APC 2) NF1 3) RB 4) P16/INK4 5) BRCA1

Back 37

1) colon cancer 2) neurofibromitosis 3) retinoblastoma 4) melanoma 5) breast cancer

Front 38

Name the type of cancer associated with each of the following oncogenes: 1) TGFA 2) ERBB1 3) PDGF 4) KRAS 5) BRAF 6) c-MYC 7) Cyclin D

Back 38

1) Hepatocellular carcinoma 2) squamous cell carcinoma of the lung 3) leukemia 4) colon cancer 5) melanoma 6) Burkitt lymphoma 7) mantle cell lymphoma

Front 39

What happens with DNA repair mechanisms are not functional?

Back 39

The cell accumulates damage throughout the genome, including oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.

Front 40

True or false: Some cells or subclones within a cancer are immortal

Back 40

true

Front 41

Name the eight basic functions in cells commonly corrupted in the pathway to cancer.

Back 41

1) self-sufficiency in growth signals 2) Insensitivity to growth-inhibitory stimuli 3) Evasion of apoptosis 4) Defective DNA repair 5) Limitless replicative potential 6) angiogenesis 7) ability to invade and metastasize 8) Evasion of the immune system

Front 42

Inherited altered gene expression is called ______________.

Back 42

Familial cancer syndrome

Front 43

True or false: When a person inherits a defective gene, they will always develop cancer.

Back 43

false

Front 44

Name the cancer associated with the following familial cancer genes 1) RB 2) p53 3) APC 4) BRCA1

Back 44

1) Retinoblastoma 2) Li-Fraumeni syndrome 3) Familial adenomatous polyposis 4) Familial breast and ovarian cancers

Front 45

What are the three steps required for development of cancer in the chemical exposure setting?

Back 45

1) Initiation 2) Promotion 3) Progression

Front 46

Name the cancers associated with each of the following carcinogens: 1) tobacco smoke 2) azo dyes 3) asbestos 4) benzene 5) vinyl chloride 6) estrogen

Back 46

1) lung cancer 2) bladder cancer 3) mesothelioma 4) leukemia 5) angiosarcoma (liver) 6) uterine cancer

Front 47

The appearance of permanent DNA damage in the cell is known as the _______ step.

Back 47

initiation

Front 48

The step in which agents stimulate proliferation of damaged cells is the ________ step.

Back 48

promotion

Front 49

The step in which proliferated cells are driven to cancer is called the _______ step.

Back 49

progression

Front 50

True or false: it doesn't matter in which order promotion and initiation of chemical carcinogenesis happens; cancer will result either way.

Back 50

false

Front 51

True or false: damaged incurred by radiation is dose-dependent.

Back 51

true

Front 52

UVB light causes DNA damage by forming what structures?

Back 52

pyrimidine dimers

Front 53

UV light is known to cause which cancers?

Back 53

squamous and basal cell carcinomas

Front 54

Ionizing radiation (from nuclear accidents) is known to cause which cancers?

Back 54

leukemia, thyroid cancer, breast cancer, and lung cancer.

Front 55

What is the only bacterium that has been identified as a carcinogen in humans?

Back 55

Helicobacter pylori

Front 56

What three processes are involved in microbial oncogenesis?

Back 56

1) insertion of viral DNA into the host genome
2) expression of viral proteins that alter cell function
3) stimulation of chronic inflammation

Front 57

Name the cancer associated with each of the following microbes: 1) HPV 2) EBV 3) HBV 4) Helicobacter pylori 5) Human T-cell leukemia virus Type 1

Back 57

1) cervical cancer 2) Burkitt lymphoma 3) hepatocellular carcinoma 4) gastric lymphoma and adenocarcinoma 5) T-cell leukemia (duh)

Front 58

What are the three most common causes of cancer death in the US?

Back 58

lung, breast/prostate, and colon

Front 59

What factors influence when and where cancers develop?

Back 59

age of patient, sex of patient, racial variation, geographic variation, rate and pattern of growth and spread, risk factors, and genetic disposition

Front 60

True or false: all cancers affect all age groups the same

Back 60

false

Front 61

Give an example of racial variation of cancer.

Back 61

Blacks are more likely to develop squamous cell cancer of the esophagus as well as prostate carcinoma.

Front 62

Give an example of geographic variation of cancer.

Back 62

1) Gastric and hepatocellular carcinomas are more common in China
2) Undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma is the most common cancer in sub-Saharan Africa
3) Breast cancer is more rare in developing nations than in the US

Front 63

True or false: Different cancers often have tendencies to metastasize to specific locations.

Back 63

true

Front 64

_________ prevention refers to early detection and effective treatment.

Back 64

tertiary

Front 65

Most cancers are treated with a combination of _______, ________, and ________.

Back 65

Surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

Front 66

What is the basic idea of molecular therapy?

Back 66

Instead of killing all rapidly dividing cells, only the cells that express a particular, dysregulated protein are targeted.

Front 67

________ prevention refers to "management" of risk factors.

Back 67

secondary

Front 68

__________ prevention refers to avoidance of the development of risk factors in the first place.

Back 68

primary