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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What does ARDS stand for?
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adult respiratory distress syndrome
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What is ARDS?
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Rapidly progressive respiratory failure with severe hypoxemia usually requiring mechanical ventilation.
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True or false: ARDS is typically seen in previously healthy patients who sustained severe injury or illness.
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true
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The pathologic counterpart to ARDS is known as _________.
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Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD).
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What is the main mechanism of DAD?
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lung injury of various types resulting in endothelial and epithelial damage.
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Endothelial damage results in a leakage of ______ rich fluid from the capillaries which in turn forms _______ membranes on the injured alveolar wall.
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protein, hyaline
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Name the three phases for diffuse alveolar damage.
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1) exudative phase 2) organizing phase 3) resolution
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Which DAD phase occurs within the first week of insult and is characterized by protein exudation, accumulation of inflammatory cells and formation of hyaline membranes?
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exudative phase
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Which DAD phase occurs in the second week following injury and is marked by proliferation of type II pneumocytes and fibroblasts?
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organizing phase
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Which DAD phase is seen when patients survive ARDS but may still be left with permanent pumonary fibrosis?
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resolution phase
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Most often patients with ARDS required _______ and ________.
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mechanical ventilation and high levels of oxygen
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Treatment of ARDS is targeted at _________, __________, and __________.
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reversing underlying cause, supportive care, and minimizing complications
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What does COPD stand for?
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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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Which two diseases fit under the category of COPD?
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chronic bronchitis and emphysema
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What is chronic bronchitis defined by?
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The presence of chronic productive cough for greater than three months per year over a period of two years.
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What is the main mechanism leading to chronic bronchitis?
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cigarette smoking
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Name the principle findings in chronic bronchitis.
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1) hyperplasia of mucus secreting cells 2) thickening of the bronchial wall 3) increase in the number of goblet cells 4) increase in smooth muscle and 5) excess mucus in the airways
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True or false: Patients with chronic bronchitis can progress to chronic respiratory failure.
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true
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What things can exacerbate chronic bronchitis?
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bacterial or viral infections
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Which COPD disorder is defined as enlargement of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles with destruction of bronchial walls without significant fibrosis.
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emphysema
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What is the major cause of emphysema?
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cigarette smoking
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The mechanism in hereditary emphysema is deficiency in _________.
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alpha-1 anti-trypsin
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In emphysema, damage to _______ tissues in the lung leads to impaired __________ and ___________ of bronchioles.
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elastic, elastic recoil, dilation
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True or false: there is a strong relationship between the anatomic location of emphysema and its clinical manifestation.
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false
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What symptoms do emphysema patients present with?
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1) progressive dyspnea on exertion 2) weight loss 3) prolonged expiration 4) chest hyperinflation
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Treatment of emphysema consists of what three things?
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1) smoking cessastion 2) oxygen theapy 3) bronchodilators
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Which disease is defined as reversible airway obstruction with increased airway responsiveness to a variety of stimuli.
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asthma
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What is present in a majority of patients with asthma?
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airway inflammation
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In asthma, which active mediators contribute to airway edema?
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histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes
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What is the most common cause for asthma exacerbation?
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viral upper respiratory tract infections
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What is the clinical term for respiratory failure caused by asthma?
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status asthmaticus
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Name two bronchiodilators used to treat asthma.
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beta-agonists and theophylline
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True or false: Corticosteroids are used to treat asthma.
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true
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What condition is defined as accumulation of air in the pleural space?
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pneumothorax
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What things can cause pneumothorax?
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trauma, complications of lung disease, complications of surgery, or spontaneous cause
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A large, symptomatic pneumothorax can be drained with a _________.
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chest tube
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Which conditions is defined as the accumulation of fluid in the pleural space?
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pleural effusion
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What are the three types of pleural effusion?
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1) simple (serous) 2) hemorrhagic (bloody) 3) empyema (pus-like)
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What things can cause pleural effusion?
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1) elevated hydrostatic pressure in capillaries 2) low plasma protein 3) pleural inflammation 4) trauma
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What types pleural effusion needs a chest tube to drain?
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large, symptomatic, hemorrhagic or infected effusions
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