Path 404: Disorders Of Bones And Joints

Front 1

Cells that synthesize bone and later become osteocytes are called what?

Back 1

Osteoblasts

Front 2

Mature cells that occupy haversian systems in bone are called what?

Back 2

Osteocytes

Front 3

Multinucleated cells that resorb and remodel bone are called what?

Back 3

Osteoclasts

Front 4

Name at least three matrix components of bone.

Back 4

1. collagen
2. proteoglycans
3. hydroxyapatite crystals
4. bone marrow
5. blood vessels

Front 5

What happens in intramembranous ossification?

Back 5

Mesenchymal cells directly become bone.

Front 6

What happens in endochondral ossification?

Back 6

Cartilage mineralizes to become bone.

Front 7

Where is new bone formed for growing in a child?

Back 7

The growth plate

Front 8

What is the portion of bone at the end of a growth plate next to a joint?

Back 8

The epiphysis

Front 9

What is the bone adjacent to growth plate where new bone is mineralizing?

Back 9

Metaphysis

Front 10

What is the middle of a tubular bone called?

Back 10

The diaphysis

Front 11

What is the periosteum?

Back 11

A layer of tissue surrounding bone that provides nutrition and assists in circumferential growth.

Front 12

Which type of bone is stronger: cortical or woven?

Back 12

Cortical

Front 13

Name the four classifications of pathological conditions in bone.

Back 13

1. Metabolic
2. Traumatic
3. Infections
4. Neoplastic

Front 14

What are the two metabolic bone diseases we discussed in class?

Back 14

1. Osteomalacia
2. Osteoporosis

Front 15

Osteomalacia is due to a deficiency in which vitamin?

Back 15

Vitamin D

Front 16

The childhood form of osteomalacia is called what?

Back 16

Rickets

Front 17

True or false: The mineralization process is abnormal in osteoporosis?

Back 17

False

Front 18

What can caused increased risk of osteoporosis?

Back 18

Menopause, pregnancy, immobilization, steroids, thyroid disease, and cigarette smoking.

Front 19

What can be used to treat osteoporosis?

Back 19

Calcium, vitamin D, estrogens, and fluorides.

Front 20

What are the three phases of fracture healing?

Back 20

1. Inflammatory
2. Reparative
3. Remodeling

Front 21

What is formed during the reparative stage of fracture healing?

Back 21

A callus

Front 22

What two types of fractures are considered especially problematic?

Back 22

1. Open fractures
2. Comminuted fractures

Front 23

What is an infection of bone called?

Back 23

Osteomyelitis

Front 24

What organisms are the most common cause of bone infections?

Back 24

Staphylococcus

Front 25

Which disease can causes osteomyelitis in open foot wounds requiring amputation?

Back 25

diabetes

Front 26

Which two types of bone neoplasms are present in children?

Back 26

1. Osteosarcoma
2. Ewing Sarcoma

Front 27

Which neoplasm in children is a highly malignant tumor that produces bone?

Back 27

osteosarcoma

Front 28

Which neoplasm in children is a malignant tumor of mesenchymal cells?

Back 28

Ewing Sarcoma

Front 29

Which two types of bone neoplasms are present in adults?

Back 29

1. Multiple myeloma
2. Metastatic diseases

Front 30

True or false: Multiple myelomas are the most common neoplastic bone lesion in adults.

Back 30

False.

Front 31

Name five types of cancer that metastasize to the bones.

Back 31

1. breast
2. prostate
3. lung
4. kidney
5. thyroid

Front 32

Which two areas of the bodies are most commonly involved in metastatic disease?

Back 32

The spine and the proximal femur.

Front 33

What is a pathologic fracture?

Back 33

A break that happens in weak, abnormal bone.

Front 34

Name the three types of joints. Which is both the most common and most mobile?

Back 34

1. Synarthroses
2. Amphiarthroses
3. Diarthroses (most common/mobile)

Front 35

What type of collagen is articular cartilage made up of?

Back 35

type II collagen

Front 36

How are collagen fibers arranged in articular cartilage?

Back 36

Paralell to the axis of motion

Front 37

True or false: Articular cartilage is composed of >70% water.

Back 37

True

Front 38

What type of joint does synovial tissue line?

Back 38

Synovial joints

Front 39

What four things to diarthroidal joints need to survive?

Back 39

1. normal distribution of loads
2. good ligamentous stability
3. normal lubrication and nutrition from the synovium
4. no inflammatory changes in the synovium

Front 40

What is the most common form of arthritis?

Back 40

osteoarthritis

Front 41

True or false: osteoarthritis usually involves an inflammatory response.

Back 41

False

Front 42

Are ligaments normal or abnormal in osteoarthritis?

Back 42

Normal

Front 43

What is the name for the type of arthritis that is a systemic autoimmune disease?

Back 43

Rheumatoid arthritis

Front 44

Rheumatoid arthritis is primarily a disease of the ________.

Back 44

Synovium

Front 45

What is often required to keep rheumatoid arthritis patients ambulatory?

Back 45

Multiple joint replacements.

Front 46

Are joint infections more common in adults or children?

Back 46

Children

Front 47

The route of joint infection is usually __________.

Back 47

Hematogenous

Front 48

What substance is the primary cause of gout pain?

Back 48

Uric acid/sodium urate crystals.

Front 49

What two drugs can be used to treat gout?

Back 49

1. allopurinol
2. probenecid

Front 50

True or false: Overproduction of uric acid is the only cause of gout.

Back 50

False

Front 51

True or false: There is no synovial fluid in intervertebral joints.

Back 51

True

Front 52

Name the structure found in between vertebrae that acts as a shock absorber.

Back 52

Intervertebral disc

Front 53

When the nucleus of an intervertebral disc ruptures through the annulus and pushes on a nerve, this is called a __________.

Back 53

Herniated disc

Front 54

True or false: Herniated discs are most common in the thoracic spine.

Back 54

False