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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What structures does intermediate mesoderm go on to form?
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kidneys and gonads
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What does the paraxial mesoderm form?
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head and somites
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Name the 3 divisions of the somite and what each is responsible for forming.
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sclerotome-cartilage
myotome-skeletal muscle dermatome-dermis |
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What are the 3 divisions of the lateral mesoderm?
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splanchnic, somatic and extra-embryonic
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What does the splanchnic mesoderm form?
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circulatory system
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Paired nephrotomes are paired segmentally and come from what regions? What mesoderm do they stem from?
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cervical to sacral
intermediate mesoderm |
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Name the 3 types of kidneys formed during fetal development.
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pronephros-primative
mesonephros-thoracolumbar metanephros-permanent |
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In what direction do the 3 kidneys develop?
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craniocaudal
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When do the mesonephros start to differentiate?
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when the pronephrons start to disappear
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Which part(s) of the developing kidney produce urine?
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mesonephros (some)
metanephros |
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What does the mesonephric duct contribute to?
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developing testis, male genital system and vestigial remnants in the female
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How many functional mesonephric tubules are located on each side?
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40
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When do the metanephros appear?
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5th week of fetal development
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What does the metanephros form from?
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bud that grows out of mesonephric duct, this bud grows into the surrounding mesoderm
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Where is the metanephros able to produce urine?
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weeks 11-13 of fetal development
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When is the definitive architecture of the metanephros present?
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week 10 of fetal development
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Urine is produced early in development-why is this important?
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provides component of amniotic fluid
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What is the primary waste disposal system for the fetus?
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placenta
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What is polyhydramnios? What causes it?
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excess amniotic fluid may be due to esophageal or duodenal atresia which prevents normal swallowing of amniotic fluid
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What is oligohydramnios? What causes it?
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shortage of amniotic fluid due to falure of the kidneys to develop or ruptured membranes
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Name 5 functions of the amniotic fluid.
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cushioning
control of body temp prevent adherence of amnion to embryo permits symmetrical external growth of embryo allows free movement of embryo |
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What is lung hypoplasia associated with?
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oligohydramnios
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What is the origin of the metanephros?
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mesoderm
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What does the metanephric blastema form from?
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intermediate mesoderm
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What 'sprout' from the mesonephric ducts?
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ureteric buds
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What surrounds the ureteric buds?
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metanephric blastema
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What does outgrowth of the ureteric bud form?
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collecting tubules, calyces, and pelvis
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What is the nephron derived from? collecting tubules?
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nephron-metanephric blastem
collecting-ureteric bud |
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What causes the kidney to ascend?
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differential growth
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Is kidney development complete at birth?
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No, nephron formation is complete, but elongation of segments and functional maturation occurs after birth
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What is an ectopic kidney?
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the kidney in an unusual site, ie pelvic kidney, often pancake shaped
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What can occur w/ horseshoe kidneys?
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their ascent is blocked by the IMA
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What can cause a hydronephrotic kidney?
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obstruction of the lower end of the ureter
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Whith a pelvic kidney, where does the adrenal gland form?
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in its normal position
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How do ectopic ureters occur?
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duplications of the ureteric bud
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What does the epithelium of the bladder form from? What do other layers of the wall (ie SM) form from?
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epithelium-urogenital sinus
others-splanchnopleuric mesenchyme |
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What divides the cloaca into a dorsal rectum and ventral urogenital sinus?
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urorectal septum
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The mesonephric ducts and attached ureteric buds are intercalated into the posterior wall of the bladder. What is this process called?
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exstrophy (eversion of a hollow organ)
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Initially the bladder is continuous with the allantois which goes on to form what? What is this stucture known as in the adult?
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urachus
median umbilical ligament |
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Where is the bladder located in infants?
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abdomen
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What are the major ducts of the gonads in females?
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paramesonephric or Mullerian ducts
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What are the major ducts of the gonads in males?
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mesonephric ducts or Wolffian ducts
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What do the seminal vesicles and ductus deferens differentiate from?
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mesonephric system
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What is the difference between a fistula and a sinus?
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a fistula is an open tube a sinus is a blind tube (only open at one end)
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What happens to the mesonephric ducts?
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they are resorbed into the posterior bladder
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What happens to the mesonephric ducts in females? males?
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they degenerate
ejaculatory ducts |
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In females, what is the epithelium of the urethra formed from?
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urogenital sinus
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In males, what is the epithelium of the urethra formed from?
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urogenital sinus except for the distal portion which is derived from the ectodermal glandular plate
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What is the CT and SM of the urethra formed from?
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splanchnopleuric mesenchyme
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What is exstrophy of the bladder?
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exposure and protrusion of the posterior wall of the bladder through the abdominal wall
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What is it called when the urethra opens on the dorsal surface of the penis? ventral surface?
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epispadias
hypospadias |
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What is the cortex of the adrenal gland formed from?
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intermediate mesoderm
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What is the medulla of the adrenal gland derived from?
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neural crest
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What is dehydroipiandrosterone produced by? What is it a precursor of?
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placenta
estrogen |
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What is the fetal adrenal cortex a part of?
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the feto-materno-placental unit
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What can congenital virilizing hyperplasia cause in females?
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pseudohermaphroditism
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Describe how females can get masculization of their genitalia is there is a defect in glucocoricoids.
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ACTH keeps increasing which stimulates the entire cortex of adrenal glands and get an increase in male hormones
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What acts on the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal glands? What hormone is secreted?
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ACTH
mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) |
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What acts on the zona fasciculata of the adrenal glands? What hormone is secreted?
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corticotropin
glucocorticoids (cortisol) and androgen |
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What acts on the zona reticularis? What hormone is secreted?
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corticotropin
gluccocorticoids and androgen |
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What acts on the medulla of the adrenal gland? What hormone is secreted?
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preganglionic fibers
epi and NE |