Chapter 4 Reproduction And Development

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asexual reproduction

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Asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single organism

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cloning

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make an identical copy of another organism

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development

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the process of developing or being developed.

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dfferentiation

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the action or process of differentiating

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egg

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an oval or round object laid by a female bird, reptile, fish, or invertebrate, usually containing a developing embryo. The eggs of birds are enclosed in a chalky shell, while those of reptiles are in a leathery membrane.

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embryo

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an unborn or unhatched offspring in the process of development.

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estrogen

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any of a group of steroid hormones that promote the development and maintenance of female characteristics of the body. Such hormones are also produced artificially for use in oral contraceptives or to treat menopausal and menstrual disorders.

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expressesed

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the way that an unseen gene is seen in an organism as an actual physical trait

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fertilization

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the action or process of fertilizing an egg, female animal, or plant, involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote

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fetus

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an unborn offspring of a mammal, in particular an unborn human baby more than eight weeks after conception

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gamete

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a mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote

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gene expression

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the result of activated genes

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meiosis

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a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores

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mitosis

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a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth

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ovaries

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a female reproductive organ in which ova or eggs are produced, present in humans and other vertebrates as a pair

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placenta

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a flattened circular organ in the uterus of pregnant eutherian mammals, nourishing and maintaining the fetus through the umbilical cord

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progesterone

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a steroid hormone released by the corpus luteum that stimulates the uterus to prepare for pregnancy

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recombination

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the process of recombining things

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sex cell

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an egg

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sexual reproduction

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the production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different types (sexes). In most higher organisms, one sex (male) produces a small motile gamete that travels to fuse with a larger stationary gamete produced by the other (female)

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species

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a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding. The species is the principal natural taxonomic unit, ranking below a genus and denoted by a Latin binomial, e.g., Homo sapiens

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sperm

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the male sex cell

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testes

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the male reproductive organ that produces sperm and the hormone testosterone

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testosterone

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a steroid hormone that stimulates development of male secondary sexual characteristics, produced mainly in the testes, but also in the ovaries and adrenal cortex

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uterus

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the organ in the lower body of a woman or female mammal where offspring are conceived and in which they gestate before birth; the womb

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zygote

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a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.