Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Where is the neck of the bladder?
|
caudally
|
|
What is the source for arterial blood supply to the bladder?
|
caudal vesical artery - branch from the urogenital artery
|
|
What is the venous drainage to the bladder?
|
internal pudendal vein
|
|
What lymphatic drain the bladder?
|
hypogastric, sublumbar, medial iliac LNs
|
|
What does the pelvic parasympathetic nerves do?
|
innervated the detrusor muscle
stimulate contraction |
|
What do the hypogastric sympathetic nerves do?
|
innervate the bladder neck
stimulates bladder neck tone |
|
What does pudendal somatic innervation do?
|
innervates striated muscle of the external urethral sphincter (EUS)
|
|
What is the difference in surgical approach between male and female?
|
male - peripreputial incision
female - caudal, ventral midline celiotomy |
|
What suture is acceptable to use in sterile urine and urine infected with E. coli?
|
PDS, polyglyconate (maxon)
|
|
How soon do bladder incisions get their full strength back?
|
14-21 days
|
|
What is the most common indication for cystotomy?
|
cystic calculi
|
|
What is the percentage that bladder mucosa or stone culture is positive when urine culture is not?
|
18.5%
|
|
In dogs, what is the most common neoplasia affecting the urinary tract?
cats? |
bladder neoplasia
renal lymphoma (bladder neoplasia is second) |
|
Where is TCC most commonly found in cats and dogs?
|
dogs - trigone (junction of urethral orifice)
cats - apex |
|
How much of the urinary bladder can be removed without sig. loss of capacity?
|
80%
|
|
There is a 50% chance of complications with tube cystostomy. What are the major?
|
-inadvertent removal
-patient chewing -breakage of mushroom tip |
|
What are indications for a tube cystostomy?
|
neoplasia
stricture - that cause obstruction |
|
Where is striated muscle located in the urethra of the male dog?
|
distal 2/3 of urethra
-smooth muscle is throughout |
|
What percentage of the female urethra is connective tissue, smooth muscle, and striated muscle?
|
connective tissue - 75%
smooth muscle -10% striated muscle - 10% (in distal 1/3) |
|
HAV
|
asymptomatic
acute alone (no carriers) Fecal-oral route RNA picornavirus |
|
What is the approach to the prostatic urethra?
|
-peripreputial incision, caudal ventral midline celiotomy
|
|
What is the approach to the penile urethra?
|
perineal, scrotal, prescrotal
|
|
What are the locations for the urethrotomy?
|
perineal and prescrotal
|
|
What are indications for a urethrostomy?
|
-permanent damage to distal urethral (structure, trauma, neoplasia)
- recurrent stone former -calculi can not be removed via urethrotomy |
|
What are indications for a urethrotomy?
|
-removal of urethral calculi
-placement of cath -biopsy of obstructive lesions |
|
Where are locations for a urethrostomy?
|
-prepubic (least desirable)
-perineal -scrotal (most common) -prescrotal |
|
Why is a scrotal urethrostomy the best approach?
What must you can permission to do? |
-bigger urethra, superficial, unlikely to get urine scald
-neuter |
|
What should you suture together for better apposition with a scrotal urethrostomy?
|
- urethral mucosa to dermis/epidermis
|
|
What type of procedure is a prepubic urethrostomy?
|
salvage -
when irreparable damage to pelvic or penile urethra OR resection of distal urethra due to neoplasia |
|
What are complications to a prepubic urethrostomy?
|
-persistent lower urinary tract disease
-urine scald -urinary incontinance |
|
What is hypospadia?
|
-failure of fusion of the urogenital folds
-incomplete fusion of the penile urethra |
|
What type of dogs are predisposed to urethral prolapse?
|
young, male, brachycephalic dogs
|
|
When performing a feline perineal urethrostomy, what arteries do you need to be careful of?
|
-caudal scrotal artery
-cranial scrotal artery -dorsal artery/vein of the penis |
|
What muscles must be properly exposed and elevated from the ischial tuberocity during a feline perineal urethrostomy?
|
ischiocavernosus (ICM)
ischiourethralsis (IUM) |
|
Why don't you want excessive dissection dorsally when performing a feline perineal urethrostomy?
|
to prevent damage to the rectum and pelvic nerves
|
|
How far should you extend your distal to proximal incision of the urethra when performing a feline perineal urethrostomy?
|
to the level of the BUG
|
|
When performing a feline perineal urethrostomy, what are the most important sutures to place?
|
the first 2-3 sutures pre-placed at the apex
|
|
Post-operative, what should you avoid with a feline perineal urethrostomy?
What is a common complication? uncommon? rare? |
urinary cath
common - hemorrhage (spotting) uncommon - stricture rare - Sub-Q leakage of urine, urinary or fecal incontinance, perineal hernia |
|
70% of dogs with ureteral injuries present with what?
|
shock or multiple organ injuries
|
|
What is seen on radiography with ureteral injury?
|
loss of retroperitoneal detail on radiographs
-definitive diagnosis and site of leakage requires Excretory Urograph |
|
Does spontaneous urination and urine on catheterization rule out bladder rupture?
|
no
|
|
What is diagnostic of a bladder rupture?
What measurement is not reliable? |
-elevated Cr or K 2:1 in the abdominal fluid when compared to the serum
BUN - due to rapid equilibrium with serum |
|
How long can a sterile uroabdomen be tolerated?
|
72 hours
|
|
With conservative treatment of a traumatic urethral injury, how long should urine be diverted and why?
|
7 days - takes a mucosal injury this long to epithelialize
|