342: Test 3: Biological Perspective Part Ii

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Borkenau

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conducted study on genetic and environmental influences on observed personality, using evidence from the German observational study of adult twins

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monogyzotic (MZ) twins

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identical twins

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dizogotic (DZ) twins

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fraternal twins

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purpose of GOSAT

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observe behavior of MZ and DZ in variety of environments; behaviors rated from videotapes

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conclusion of GOSAT/Borkenau study

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estimates of shared environment influence 15% higher in video-based ratings than self-reports and peer ratings; no shared family environment influence on extraversion; intellect most strongly influenced by shared family environment

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shared family environment

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environmental factors that contribute to twin and sibling similarity

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nonshared family environment

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environmental factors that do not contribute to sibling similarity

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reasons for previous conclusions about shared family environment (GOSAT - Borkenau)

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adopted children very unlike adopted parents; twins reared together than twins reared apart; MZ twins twice as similar as DZ twins

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Contrast Effects (GOSAT - Borkenau)

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1. Relatives influence each other in ways that make actual personalities different from one another - different roles taken to emphasize unique identities
2. Compare with each other instead of population mean - inflate difference, reduces correlations which results in underestimation of the importance of shared family environment

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limitations of GOSAT - Borkenau study

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- equal environments assumption
- assumption of random mating
- no interactive effects of genes

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types of behavioral tasks in GOSAT - Borkenau

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introduce yourself; tell a joke; TAT test; recall objects; solve logic problem; invent definition; make paper tower; read aloud; sing a song of choice

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way to calculate non-shared family environment (GOSAT - Borkenau)

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reliability - MZ

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way to calculate shared family environment (GOSAT - Borkenau)

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2*DZ - MZ

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traits with least component of shared family environment

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extraversion; talkativity

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assumption of equal environments

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if not equal environments, environmental effects interpreted as genetic effects

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assumption of interactive effects

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if there are interactive effects, overestimates of genetic influence and underestimate shared environment

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Caspi hypothesis

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5HTT gene variation moderates the influence of life stress on depression

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seratonin system (Caspi)

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related to depression because selective serotonin reuptake-inhibitor drugs effectively treat depression

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s "short" allele (Caspi)

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when combine with high number of stressful life events; increases risk of depression, symptoms; depression diagnosis, suicidality and report of depressed behavior

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l "long" allele (Caspi)

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increase in stressful life events did NOT increase likelihood of depression

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Caspi conclusion

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role of genes is conditional on exposure to environmental risks; genes only make impact in context of real world; showed HOW nature and nurture work together