3082 Psychology Final Exam

Front 1

• Developmental Psychopathology

Back 1

– Study of how disorders arise and change with time
– Childhood is associated with significant developmental changes
– Disruption of early skills will likely disrupt development of later skills

Front 2

• Developmental Disorders

Back 2

– Diagnosed first in infancy, childhood, or adolescence
– Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
– Learning disorders
– Autism and Asperger’s Disorder
– Mental retardation

Front 3

most frequently diagnosed disorder; wrestles; problems in school;

Back 3

ADHD

Front 4

• Nature of ADHD

Back 4

– Central features – Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
– Associated with behavioral, cognitive, social, and academic problems

Front 5

• DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR Symptom Clusters
– Cluster 1

Back 5

– Symptoms of inattention

Someone who is easily distracted by the environment, excessive daydreaming, in one ear out the other, frequently misplacing things, disorganized, inattentive symptoms. Children and adults day dream excessively.

Front 6

• ADHD
DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR Symptom Clusters
– Cluster 2

Back 6

– Symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity cluster
• Difficulty waiting ones turn, too much activity, running and climbing excessively, impulsivity leads into more behavior problems.
• Impulsivity- difficulty mediating actions with forethought. React or act and think afterwards if at all.
• Frequently intrusive verbally
• Tends to lead to behavior problems, impulsivity can lead to physical fighting.
• Cluster 2 is the reason why parents are worried, cause most problems

Front 7

• DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR Symptom Clusters (ADHD)
– Either cluster 1 or 2 must be present for a diagnosis

Back 7

– symptoms must be present prior to age 7-TEST QUESTION

Front 8

– ADHD inattentive type

Back 8

(predominantly) inattentive type- previously ADD): only cluster 1 symptoms

Front 9

– ADHD predominantly hyperactive

Back 9

- impulsive type: sufficient/severe enough symptoms from cluster 2

Front 10

– ADHD combined type

Back 10

(common)

Front 11

Prevalence of ADHD

Back 11

– Occurs in 4%-12% of children who are 6 to 12 years of age; for valid ADHD
– Symptoms are usually present around age 3 or 4
– 2/3 of children with ADHD have problems as adults
– Occurs more frequently in males
– Decreased need for sleep is a symptom of mania, not ADHD.

Front 12

• Gender Differences ADHD

Back 12

– Boys outnumber girls 4 to 1

Front 13

• Cultural Factors of ADHD

Back 13

– Probability of ADHD diagnosis is greatest in the United States

Front 14

• Genetic Contributions of ADHD

Back 14

– ADHD runs in families
– Familial ADHD may involve deficits on chromosome 20

Front 15

• Neurobiological Contributions: Brain Dysfunction and Damage for ADHD

Back 15

– Inactivity of the frontal cortex and basal ganglia- slower to develop, catch up several years later******
– Right hemisphere malfunction
– Abnormal frontal lobe development and functioning
– Yet to identify a precise neurobiological mechanism for ADHD

Front 16

• The Role of Toxins in ADHD

Back 16

– Allergens and food additives do not appear to cause ADHD
– Maternal smoking increases risk of having a child with ADHD

Front 17

• Psychosocial Factors Can Influence the Disorder Itself (ADHD)

Back 17

– Constant negative feedback from teachers, parents, and peers
– Peer rejection and resulting social isolation
– Such factors foster low self-image

Front 18

Biological Treatment of ADHD

Back 18

• Stimulant Medications
– Reduce the core symptoms of ADHD in 70% of cases
– Examples include Concerta, Adderall, Metadate, Ritalin, Dexedrine, etc.
• Other Medications
– Imipramine and Clonidine (antihypertensive) have some efficacy
– Straterra (inattention)

Front 19

• Goal of Biological Treatments of ADHD

Back 19

– To reduce impulsivity/hyperactivity and to improve attention

Front 20

Medications (test questions)

ADHD

Back 20

**Increase ability to think before they act. Does not change their personality. Can be abused.
**Stimulates the frontal lobe and cortex, allowing a person to focus better.

Front 21

• Behavioral Treatment

Back 21

– Involve reinforcement programs
– Aim to increase appropriate behaviors and decrease inappropriate behaviors
– May also involve parent training

Front 22

• Combined Bio-Psycho-Social Treatments

Back 22

– Are highly recommended
– Non-medical treatments not nearly as effective if not combined with medication

Front 23

-in order to diagnose goes under psychological testing

Back 23

Learning Disorder

Front 24

• Scope of Learning Disorders

Back 24

– Problems related to academic performance in reading, mathematics, and writing
– Performance is substantially below what would be expected given their intelligence and IQ, age and upbringing
– Dyslexia is a specific type of reading disorder.
– Reading disorders are most common type of learning disorder

Front 25

• Reading Disorder

Back 25

– Discrepancy between actual and expected reading achievement
– Reading is at a level significantly below that of a typical person of the same age
– Problem cannot be caused by sensory deficits (e.g., poor vision)

Front 26

• Mathematics Disorder

Back 26

– Achievement below expected performance in mathematics

Front 27

• Disorder of Written Expression

Back 27

– Achievement below expected performance in writing

Front 28

If someone has a below average IQ, and making C’s and D’s in school…what disorder are you thinking? (Test Question)

Back 28

No you will expect below average grades. (Expect someone with their IQ to be making the grades they should be

Front 29

• What is expected of learning disorders

Back 29

– given child’s age, educational level, intelligence (IQ), and environmental factors

Front 30

• Incidence and Prevalence of Learning Disorders

Back 30

– 1% to 3% incidence of learning disorders in the United States
– Prevalence rate is 10% to 15% among school age children
– Reading difficulties are the most common of the learning disorders
– About 32% of students with learning disabilities drop out of school

Front 31

How many school many school children classified disabled have learning disabilities?

Back 31

Half
Twenty years ago the proportion was 25%

Front 32

• Genetic and Neurobiological Contributions (Autism)

Back 32

- can be environmental but mostly neurobiological
– Reading disorder runs in families, with 90% +concordance rate for identical twins
– Overall, genetic and neurobiological contributions are unclear

Front 33

Biological and Psychosocial causes of learning disorder

Back 33

• Genetic and Neurobiological Contributions
• Psychological and motivational factors seem to affect eventual outcome
• Can have concurrent ADHD, academic tutoring can treat this.

Front 34

• Nature of Pervasive Developmental Disorders

Back 34

– Problems occur in language, socialization, and cognition
– Pervasive – Means the problems span the person’s entire life

Front 35

Autistic
3. Restricted patterns of behavior, interests, and activities (Stereotyped behavior)

Back 35

• preoccupation with restricted patters of interest (abnormal in intensity)
• may be inflexible in routines or rituals
• stereotyped motor movements or mannerisms (repeated behaviors)
• preoccupation with parts of objects

Front 36

• Examples of Pervasive Developmental Disorders

Back 36

– Autistic disorder
– Asperger’s syndrome

Front 37

• Prevalence and Features of Autism

Back 37

– Affects 2 to 20 persons for every 10,000 people
– More prevalent in females with IQs below 35, and in males with higher IQs
– Autism occurs worldwide
– Symptoms usually develop before 36 months of age

Front 38

• Autism and Intellectual Functioning

Back 38

– 50% have IQs in the severe-to-profound range of mental retardation
– 25% test in the mild-to-moderate IQ range (i.e., IQ of 50 to 70)
– Remaining people display abilities in the borderline-to-average IQ range
– Neurobiologically
– Children with autism are at a higher risk for medical problems.
– Genetic influence of it
– Cerebellum- substantially reduced in persons with autism

Front 39

• Pervasive- meaning it affects many aspects of life
• Can be nonverbal, very gifted in certain areas

Back 39

Persuasive Developmental Disorders

Front 40

Very particular to schedules.
-being much more accurately diagnosed than it ever was, recognized earlier and more accurately.
-More education helps with this
-Males with autism have higher IQs. And women have lower IQs. Below 35.

Back 40

Autistic Disorder: Facts and Statistics

Front 41

• Autism

Back 41

– Significant impairment in social interactions and communication
– Restricted patterns of behavior, interest, and activities
– onset usually prior to age 3

Front 42

Causes of Autism: Early and Most Recent Contributions
• Historical Views

Back 42

– Bad parenting
– Unusual speech patterns
– Lack of self-awareness

Front 43

• Three Central Features of Autism

Back 43

Problems in socialization and social function

Problems in communication

Restricted patterns of behavior, interests, and activities (Stereotyped behavior)

Front 44

Causes of Autism: Early and Most Recent Contributions
• Current Understanding of Autism

Back 44

– Medical conditions – Not always associated with autism
– Autism has a genetic component that is largely unclear
– Neurobiological evidence for brain damage – yet also unclear
– Cerebellum size – Substantially reduced in persons with autism

Front 45

Asperger’s have problems in?

Back 45

socialization and social function

Front 46

– 1. Problems in socialization and social function

Back 46

– Difficulty socializing with others, and is neurobiological. Very poor or no eye contact.
• poor eye contact, little, if any, interest in relationships- solitary
• loners, lack of enjoyment in activities- may enjoy fixating.
• poor use of nonverbal behaviors- very off, facial expressions
• lack of emotional reciprocity- unable to empathize, become obsessed with little things

Front 47

Asperger’s have restricted patterns in?

Back 47

behavior, interests, and activities

Front 48

Asperger’s deficits in _______ are much less severe?

Back 48

Communication
Speech is intact

Front 49

Asperger’s was once thought of ____?

Back 49

mild autism

Front 50

– 2. Problems in communication

Back 50

• 50% never acquire useful speech; mute and do not speak
• unusual speech; echolalia; may repeat some words over again; may shriek
• Echolalia- repeating what you said
• poor ability to maintain communication with others
• lack of make-believe or spontaneous play

Front 51

– 3. Restricted patterns of behavior, interests, and activities (Stereotyped behavior)

Back 51

• preoccupation with restricted patters of interest (abnormal in intensity)
• may be inflexible in routines or rituals
• stereotyped motor movements or mannerisms (repeated behaviors)
• preoccupation with parts of objects

Front 52

• Prevalence and Features of Autism

Back 52

– Affects 2 to 20 persons for every 10,000 people
– More prevalent in females with IQs below 35, and in males with higher IQs
– Autism occurs worldwide
– Symptoms usually develop before 36 months of age

Front 53

• Autism and Intellectual Functioning

Back 53

– 50% have IQs in the severe-to-profound range of mental retardation
– 25% test in the mild-to-moderate IQ range (i.e., IQ of 50 to 70)
– Remaining people display abilities in the borderline-to-average IQ range
– Neurobiologically
– Children with autism are at a higher risk for medical problems.
– Genetic influence of it
– Cerebellum- substantially reduced in persons with autism

Front 54

Autistic Disorder: Facts and Statistics

Back 54

-Very particular to schedules.
-being much more accurately diagnosed than it ever was, recognized earlier and more accurately.
-More education helps with this
-Males with autism have higher IQs. And women have lower IQs. Below 35.

Front 55

• Historical Views of Autism

Back 55

– Bad parenting
– Unusual speech patterns
– Lack of self-awareness

Front 56

• Current Understanding of Autism

Back 56

– Medical conditions – Not always associated with autism
– Autism has a genetic component that is largely unclear
– Neurobiological evidence for brain damage – yet also unclear
– Cerebellum size – Substantially reduced in persons with autism

Front 57

Asperger's have problems in?

Back 57

socialization and social function

Front 58

Ppl have restricted patterns of______?

Back 58

behavior, interests, and activities

Front 59

Deficits in ______ are much ________ severe?

Back 59

Communication; less

Speech is intact

Front 60

Asperger's once thought of ?

Back 60

mild autism

Front 61

Ppl with Asperger's tend to be?

Back 61

loners

Front 62

Ppl with asperger's have obsessive behaviors or interests can be _____?

Back 62

severe

Front 63

Ppl with asperger's tend to gravitate towards ?

Back 63

restricted activities or interests, where people may seen them as obsessed

Front 64

High functioning autism =?

Back 64

Asperger's

2 of the 3 things are that of autism

Front 65

• “weirdos” or “supernerds”

Back 65

Asperger’s

Front 66

Asperger’s can be severe which is ____ to mild which ______?

Back 66

autism

asperger's

Front 67

Ppl with asperger's can ____ and ____ in school?

Back 67

finish; excel

Front 68

• Can maintain employment, jobs that is less interaction with others

Back 68

Asperger's

Front 69

• Ask someone with moderate aspergers what “don’t cry over spilt milk”

Back 69

they would take it very literally. They couldn’t interpret it.

Front 70

Do ppl grow out of asperger's or autism?

Back 70

No, but you can train social skills

Front 71

Treatment of Pervasive Developmental Disorders

Back 71

-no treatment for this
-but social skills training
-address nonverbal behaviors- In autism you can use speech therapy.
-Family needs education on disorder
-linking families up with appropriate educational, support groups.

Front 72

• Psychosocial “Behavioral” Treatments

Back 72

– Address Behaviors
• Skill building and treatment of problem behaviors
• Communication and language problems
• Address socialization deficits
• Early intervention is critical

Front 73

• Biological and Medical Treatments Are ?

Back 73

unavailable

Front 74

• Integrated Treatments:

Back 74

: The Preferred Model
– Focus on children, their families, parents, schools, and the home
– Build in appropriate community and social support

Front 75

Communication skills is a charecteristic in aspergers ____ share with autisitc disorder?

Back 75

Do not

Front 76

-may differ state to state

Back 76

Mental Retardation (MR)

Front 77

• Nature of Mental Retardation

Back 77

– Disorder of childhood
– Below-average intellectual and adaptive functioning
– Range of impairment varies greatly across persons

Front 78

• Mental Retardation and the DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR

Back 78

– Significantly subaverage intellectual functioning (IQ below 70)
– Concurrent deficits or impairments two or more areas of adaptive functioning (adaptive functioning- being able to take care of yourself, self help skills, ability to communicate, appropriately navigate in the community)
– MR must be evident before the person is 18 years of age
– IQ below 70, adaptive skills, this MUST BE EVIDENT BEFORE THE AGE 18!!!!!!!!!!!!

Front 79

YOU HAVE TO KNOW THIS BASED ON THE IQ NUMBER

Back 79

BASED ON THE ASSUMPTION OF ADAPTIVE DEFICITS

Front 80

• Mild MR

Back 80

– Includes persons with an IQ score between 50 or 55 and 70

Front 81

• Severe MR

Back 81

– Includes people with IQs ranging from 20-25 up to 35-45

Front 82

• Profound MR

Back 82

– Includes people with IQ scores below 20-25
– Tube fed, diapers, mute, no self help skills, can’t point

Front 83

**overlap determination is based on the ______?

Back 83

adaptive deficit

Front 84

– Educable mental retardation

Back 84

(i.e., IQ of 50 to approximately 70-75)

Front 85

– Trainable mental retardation

Back 85

(i.e., IQ of 30 to 50)

Front 86

– Severe mental retardation

Back 86

(i.e., IQ below 30)

Front 87

• Standardized measures of intellectual potential
• Mean score is

Back 87

100 (90-100 is average)

Front 88

Mean score 70 =?

Back 88

2nd percentile

Front 89

Mean score 85=?

Back 89

16th percentile

Front 90

Mean score 115 =?

Back 90

84th percentile

Front 91

Mean score 130 =?

Back 91

98th percentile

Front 92

– Wechsler Scales is _________?

Back 92

most frequently used

Front 93

– Verbal IQ
– Performance (nonverbal)
– Full Scale (overall) IQ

Back 93

• WISC-IV, WAIS-III, WPPSI-III

Front 94

– Stanford - Binet- IV

Back 94

similar to Weschler scale

Front 95

What are the two main intelligence tests?

Back 95

Wechsler Scales and Stanford

Front 96

Wechsler Scales and Stanford are ______?

Back 96

The two major tests, but there are others
frequently go under revisions, they normalize the data with the general population.

Front 97

• IQ test may be administered to _____ people to see how a population as a whole would score?

Back 97

10,000

Front 98

Your performance score leads to____?

Back 98

a score

Front 99

full scale IQ

Back 99

most ppl are familiar with

Front 100

What IQ percent is a 100?

Back 100

50%,meaning half the people that will/have taken the IQ test will score better and half will score below.

Front 101

• 70%--second percentile

Back 101

will score better than you

Front 102

Mental Retardation prevalence

Back 102

– About 1% to 3% of the general population
– 90% of MR persons are labeled with mild mental retardation
– IQ is about stable around 8 or 9
– Environmental can lead to IQ, exposure to world can increase an IQ

Front 103

• Gender Differences- Mental Retardation

Back 103

– MR occurs more often in males, male-to-female ratio of about 1.6:1

Front 104

• Course of MR

Back 104

– Tends to be chronic, but prognosis varies greatly from person to person

Front 105

• Genetic Research of mental retardation

Back 105

involves multiple genes, and at times single genes

Front 106

• Chromosomal Abnormalities and Other Forms of MR
(down syndrome)

Back 106

Trisomy 21

Front 107

• Chromosomal Abnormalities and Other Forms of MR
Fragile X chromosome)

Back 107

Abnormality on X chromosome

Front 108

• Maternal Age and Risk of Having a Down’s Baby

Back 108

Mental Retardation (MR): Biological Contributions

Front 109

• Nearly 75% of cases of MR___________?

Back 109

cannot be attributed to any known biological cause

Front 110

coded on 2 axis

Back 110

Treatment for Mental Retardation (MR)

Front 111

• Parallels Treatment of Pervasive Developmental Disorders

Back 111

– Teach needed skills to foster productivity and independence
– Educational and behavioral management
– Living and self-care skills via task analysis
– Communication training – Often most challenging treatment target!
– Community and supportive interventions

Front 112

What is the most difficult thing to teach someone with mental retardation?

Back 112

Communication skills

Front 113

• Oppositional Defiant Disorder- favorite word

Back 113

"no"

Front 114

• Oppositional Defiant Disorder

Back 114

– central feature is defiance
– irritable, blames others, annoys others
– tantrums, often loses temper
– spiteful, argumentative
– different from child that likes to test limits
– Oppositional likes to test limits and then some

Front 115

• Conduct Disorder

Back 115

– delinquent behavior is central feature
– aggression to people or animals
– destruction of property
– deceitfulness or theft
– serious violations of rules

Front 116

• Reactive Attachment Disorder

Back 116

– marked disruptions in attachment to others
– primary caregivers
– child either:
– 1) attach indiscriminately to others or,
– 2) fails to attach to primary caregivers and others, no bonds
– often associated with early separation from primary caregivers or significant neglect or abandonment

Front 117

• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Back 117

– Deficits in inattention, hyperactivity, or impulsivity
– Disrupt academic and social functioning

Front 118

• Learning Disorders

Back 118

– All share deficits in performance below expectations for IQ and school preparation

Front 119

• Pervasive Developmental Disorder

Back 119

– All share deficits in language, socialization, and cognition

Front 120

• Mental Retardation

Back 120

– Subaverage IQ, deficits in adaptive functioning, onset before age 18
– Prevention and Early Intervention Are Critical for Developmental Disorders

Front 121

Causes of mental retardation(Environmental)

Back 121

neglect, abuse

Front 122

Causes of mental retardation(prenatal)

Back 122

exposure to disease or drugs

Front 123

Causes of mental retardation (perinatal)

Back 123

difficulties during labor or delivery

Front 124

Causes of mental retardation (postnatal)

Back 124

infections and head injuries

Front 125

• Mild MR

Back 125

(70-50)—educatable MR; still able to hold a job, maybe life on their own (but with assistance)

Front 126

• Moderate MR

Back 126

(35-55)—trainable MR

Front 127

• Severe MR

Back 127

20-25 & up to 35-40

Front 128

• Profound MR

Back 128

(below 25)—not really able to function in everyday life independently; unable to feed, walk, speak, use the bathroom

Front 129

• Civil Involuntary Commitment

Back 129

– legal proceeding that determines a person is mentally disordered and may be hospitalized, even involuntary.

Front 130

o In order for civil commitment to proceed, three conditions must be met:

Back 130

The person has a “mental illness” and is in need of treatment
The person is dangerous to self or others
The person is unable to care for himself, a situation considered a “grave disability”

Front 131

• Duty to Warn

Back 131

mental health professionals responsibility to break confidentiality and notify the potential victim whom a client has specifically threatened.

Front 132

o Tarasoff v. regents of the university of California

Back 132

– poddar told a mental health professional that he had intentions of killing tarasoff and mental health profession told police and he was let go after denying. Weeks later, he killed her.

Front 133

o Mental Health Professionals must

Back 133

tell authorities and that specific person the threat is being made to – the clien’ts potential victims

Front 134

o Three things that must be done if person is in danger of suicide or homicide:

Back 134

report to authorities
the specific victim
voluntary commitment – if not voluntary may have grounds for involuntary commitment.

Front 135

Not guilty by reason of insanity

Back 135

insanity – mental illness alters not only a person’s cognitive abilities but also that persons emotional functioning, and mental health professionals believed the entire range of functioning should be taken into account when a person’s responsibility was determined.

Front 136

o The Durham rule broadened the ?

Back 136

criteria for responsibility from knowledge of right or wrong to include the presence of a “mental disease or mental defect”

Front 137

o The ALI (American law institute) concluded that people are

Back 137

are not responsible for their criminal behavior if, because of their mental illness, they cannot recognize the inappropriateness of their behavior or control

Front 138

o The ALI also included provisions for the?
concept of diminished capacity

Back 138

which holds that people’s ability to understand the nature of their behavior and therefore their criminal intent can be diminished by their mental illness

Front 139

o Diminished capacity

Back 139

– evidence of an abnormal mental condition in people that causes criminal charges against them requiring intent or knowledge to be reduced to lesser offenses requiring only reckless or criminal neglect.

Front 140

o Not guilty by reason of insanity

Back 140

is used rarely – used in less than 1% of cases
o Spend more time in treatment facilities than jail

Front 141

• Personality Disorders

Back 141

enduring maladaptive patterns for relating to the environment and self, exhibited in a range of contexts that cause significant functional impairment or subjective distress

They are chronic, originate in childhood and continue throughout adulthood, these chronic problems pervade a person’s life. They are inflexible and maladaptive, and can cause significant functional impairment or subjective stress

Front 142

• Personality disorders are thought to originate in?

Back 142

childhood and continue into the adult years. They are also thought to be so ingrained that an onset is difficult to pinpoint.

Front 143

• Personality disorders are _____ to treatment

Back 143

resistant

Front 144

Personality disorders (cluster A)

Back 144

– odd or eccentric cluster
Paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders

Front 145

Personality disorders (Cluster B)

Back 145

– dramatic, emotional, and erratic cluster
Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders

Front 146

Personality disorders (cluster C)

Back 146

– is the anxious and fearful cluster
Avoidant, dependent, and obsessive compulsive personality disorder

Front 147

Borderline personality disorder is diagnosed more often in?

Back 147

females than in males who make up about 75% of the identified cases

Front 148

Gender difference has been criticized by other authors on the grounds that histrionic personality disorder, like several other personality disorders, is?

Back 148

biased against females

Many features of histrionic disorder such as over dramatization, vanity, seductiveness, and over concern with physical appearance, are characteristic of the western stereotypical female.

This disorder may simply the embodiment of extremely “feminine” traits

Front 149

o ***In the clinical population – less than 1% are?

Back 149

schizotypal and histrionic

Front 150

• Cluster A disorders
o Paranoid personality disorder

Back 150

– involves pervasive distrust and suspicious of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent. They assume other people are out to harm or tick them, they tend to not confide in others

Front 151

• Cluster A disorders
o Schizoid Personality Disorder

Back 151

– features pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of expression of emotions. They seem cold and indifferent to other people
Seem neither to desire nor enjoy closeness with others including romantic or sexual relationships

Front 152

• Cluster A disorders
o Schizotypal personality disorder

Back 152

– involves a pervasive pattern of interpersonal deficits featuring acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships, as well as cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior.
Considered to be on a continuum of disorders with schizophrenia

Front 153

• Cluster B disorders
o Antisocial personality disorder

Back 153

– involving a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others. Greater emphasis on overt behavior than on personality traits.
A history of failing to comply with social norms
Characterized as being aggressive because they take what they want, indifferent to the concerns of other people, lying and cheating seem to be second nature to them, they show no remorse or concern about the affects of their actions
Substance abuse is common
Conduct disorder is a precursor to ADP.

Front 154

• Cluster B disorders
o Borderline personality disorder

Back 154

– personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, affect, and control over impulses
They usually have poor self image, their moods and relationships are unstable
DBT is effective for Borderline PD

Front 155

• Cluster B disorders
o Histrionic personality disorder

Back 155

– personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking

Front 156

• Cluster B disorders
o Narcissistic personality disorder

Back 156

– personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of grandiosity in fantasy or behavior, need for admiration, and lack of empathy
They fell that they are special, an exaggerated sense of self importance

Front 157

• Cluster C disorders
o Avoidant personality disorder

Back 157

– personality disorder featuring a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to a criticism.
Extremely sensitive to the opinions of others and therefore avoid most relationships. Their extremely low self esteem, coupled with fear of rejection, causes them to be limited in their friendships and dependent on those they feel comfortable with

Front 158

• Cluster C disorders
o Dependent personality disorder

Back 158

– personality disorder characterized by a person’s pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, a condition that leads to submissive clinging behavior and fears of separation.
They rely on others to make ordinary decisions as well as important ones, which results in a an unreasonable fear of abandonment

Front 159

• Cluster C disorders
o Obsessive-Compulsive personality disorder

Back 159

– personality disorder featuring a pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficacy
Fixation on things being done a “right way” – prevents them from completing much of anything

Front 160

• Schizophrenia

Back 160

– devastating psychotic disorder that may involve characteristic disturbances in thinking (delusions), perception (hallucinations), speech, emotions, and behavior

Front 161

• Schizophrenia is characterized by?

Back 161

broad spectrum of cognitive and emotional dysfunctions, including delusions (irrational beliefs) and hallucinations (sensory experiences in the absence of external events), disorganized speech and behavior, and inappropriate emotions.

Front 162

• Psychotic behavior

Back 162

– severe psychological disorder category characterized by hallucinations and loss of contact with reality, delusions, or both.

Front 163

• Psychotic behavior
o Positive symptoms

Back 163

include the more active manifestations of abnormal behavior or an excess or distortion of normal behavior; these include delusions and hallucinations

– more overt symptom, such as delusion or hallucination, displayed by some people with schizophrenia

– between 50-70% of people with schizophrenia experience delusions, hallucinations, or both.

Front 164

• Psychotic behavior
o Negative symptoms

Back 164

involve deficits in normal behavior in such areas as speech and motivation

less outgoing symptom, such as flat affect and or poverty of speech, displayed by some people with schizophrenia.
Indicate the absence or insufficiency of normal behavior, they include emotional or social withdrawal, apathy, and poverty of thought or speech and approx 25% of people with schitzo have negative symptoms.

Front 165

• Psychotic behavior
o Disorganized symptoms

Back 165

include rambling speech, erratic behavior, and inappropriate affect.

Front 166

Positive symptoms of psychotic behavior - Delusions

Back 166

– a belief that would be seen by most members of society as a misrepresentation of reality is called a delusion, or a disorder of thought content. The basic characteristic of madness

Front 167

• Believing they are famous like Jesus or napoleon

Back 167

a delusion of grandeur

Front 168

• Believing that people are out to get them

Back 168

– delusions of persecution

Front 169

catard syndrome

Back 169

in which people believe they are dead.

Front 170

Positive symptoms of psychotic behavior Hallucinations

Back 170

the experience of sensory events (someone called your name, or something moved by you) without any input from surrounding environment.

Front 171

What senses are involved with hallucinations?

Back 171

although hearing things that aren’t there, auditory hallucinations, is the most common form experienced by people with schizophrenia.

Front 172

o Negative Symptoms
Avolition

Back 172

– the inability to initiate and persist in activities – show little interest in performing even the most basic day-to-day functions, including those associated with personal hygiene.

Front 173

o Negative Symptoms
Alogia

Back 173

refers to the relative absence of speech. A person with alogia may respond to questions with brief replies that have little content and may appear uninterested in the conversation.

Front 174

o Negative Symptoms
Anhedonia

Back 174

– inability to experience pleasure, associated with some mood disorders and schizophrenic disorders – indifference to activities that would typically be considered pleasurable, including eating, social interactions, and sexual relations.

Front 175

o Negative Symptoms
Affective flattening

Back 175

– apparently emotionless demeanor (including toneless speech and vacant gaze) when a reaction would be expected.

Front 176

ppl with alogia may have trouble with?

Back 176

finding the right words to formulate their thoughts, takes form of delayed comments or slow responses to questions

relative absence of speech or regular speech

Front 177

ppl that have affective flatness do what?

Back 177

stare at you vacantly, speak in a flat and toneless manner, and seem unaffected by things going around them.
show little expressed emotion emotion, but still has emotion

Front 178

• Szciphophrenia
Paranoid Type

Back 178

– Intact cognitive skills and affect, and do not show disorganized behavior
– Hallucinations and delusions center around a theme (grandeur or persecution)
– best prognosis
– could have weeks or months where they are not paranoid

Front 179

– Paranoid Szchio suffer from?

Back 179

- paranoid or grandeous delusions

Front 180

Szciphophrenia
• Disorganized Type

Back 180

- poor relative to the paranoid type; chronic, lack periods of remission
– Marked disruptions in speech and behavior, flat or inappropriate affect
– Hallucinations and delusions have a theme, but tend to be fragmented
– This type develops early, tends to be chronic, lacks periods of remissions
– Loose association of speech; slurred speech
– Thoughts are loosely disorganized, difficulty to follow; unlike someone with paranoid schzio whose thoughts/speech is easy to follow

Front 181

Szciphophrenia correlation with mental retardation

Back 181

there is no correlation

Front 182

when in active stage of schizophrenia the IQ will most likely ?

Back 182

drop

Front 183

Schizophrenia
• Catatonic Type

Back 183

– Show unusual motor responses and odd mannerisms (e.g., echolalia, echopraxia)
– Disorganized BEHAVIORS; agitation, psychomotor agitation, immobility, standing still for hours of time, lasting flexibility
– This subtype tends to be severe and quite rare
– Sometimes difficult to distinguish types of schizophrenia; what he will do on the test is in the descriptions he will be very straightforward; DON’T READ INTO THE QUESTIONS

Front 184

Schizophrenia
• Undifferentiated Type

Back 184

– Major symptoms of schizophrenia, but fail to meet criteria for another type
– Cant neatly diagnose it; extremely difficult to differentiate on which type they have

Front 185

Schizophrenia
• Residual Type

Back 185

– One past episode of schizophrenia but symptoms they are currently experiencing are mild, for example: older Nash has battles and symptoms, he probably could be diagnosed with residual type
– Continue to display less extreme residual symptoms (e.g., odd beliefs)

Front 186

GENES PLAY A ROLE IN SCHZIOPHRENIA, VERY PROMINENT ROLE, BUT NOT ALL GENETIC

Back 186

True

Front 187

• Schizophreniform Disorder lasts for?

Back 187

– Schizophrenic symptoms for less than 1-6 months
Schizophrenia is chronic (disorganized type)

Front 188

• Schizophreniform Disorder associated with?

Back 188

good premorbid functioning; most resume normal lives

Front 189

Do Schizophreniform Disorder symptoms clear up?

Back 189

Yes,either because of medicine or on their own, the group has better premorbid functioning of a life. There is a definite distinguished between both groups. You would treat both groups, but then wait.

Front 190

• Schizoaffective Disorder

Back 190

– Symptoms of schizophrenia and a mood disorder (e.g., bipolar disorder, depressive), occurring concurrently
– Prognosis is similar for people with schizophrenia
– Such persons do not tend to get better on their own

Front 191

• Delusional Disorder

Back 191

– Delusions that are contrary to reality without other major schizophrenia symptoms
– Many show other negative symptoms of schizophrenia
– Type of delusions include erotomanic, grandiose, jealous, persecutory, and somatic
– extremely rare
– another psychotic disorder
– you ONLY HAVE delusions, may have negative symptoms of schizophrenia
– Delusions: firmly held beliefs that seems to be out of touch with reality through reasoning despite the evidence to the contrary.

Front 192

Delusion of reverence

Back 192

an individual incorrectly believes himself or herself to be the direct object of casual remarks or incidents or of external events. Delusion of reference is more irrational sometimes absurd.

Front 193

Delusions of Jealousy

Back 193

jealous delusions are unjustified and irrational beliefs that an individual’s spouse or significant other has been unfaithful.

Front 194

Erotomanic delusions

Back 194

out of touch with reality, often a stranger or celebrity is in love with them. David letterman. Involving celebrity.

Front 195

Somatic delusions

Back 195

beliefs that can be confused with hypochondriasis, something is physically wrong with the person, or body dysphmoric disorder…look up definition.

Front 196

Difference between bipolar and schizoaffective disorder

Back 196

someone with bipolar will go through cycles with a large duration of time between. In schizoaffective, when the mood disorders lifts, the schizophrenia is still there and still be psychotic.

Front 197

• Brief Psychotic Disorder

Back 197

(0-1month)
– Experience one or more positive symptoms of schizophrenia even when one develops schizophrenia.
– Usually precipitated by extreme stress or trauma
– Lasts less than one month

Front 198

• Shared Psychotic Disorder

Back 198

– Delusions from one person manifest in another person, often in family have very similar delusions often the exact same delusions.
– Little is known about this condition

Front 199

• Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Back 199

– May reflect a less severe form of schizophrenia
interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort in social situations

reduced capacity for close relationships

Front 200

• Onset and Prevalence of Schizophrenia worldwide

Back 200

– About 0.2% to 1.5% (or about 1% population)
– Usually develops in early adulthood, but can emerge at any time (18-24)
– Doesn’t necessarily gets worse with age, when reaching midadulthood things can get better.

Front 201

• Schizophrenia Is Generally

Back 201

Chronic
– Most suffer with moderate-to-severe impairment throughout their lives
• Schizophrenia Affects Males and Females About Equally

Front 202

• Schizophrenia Appears to Have a Strong ______ __________?

Back 202

Genetic Component

Front 203

Schizophrenia: Genetic Influences
• Family Studies

Back 203

– Inherit a tendency for schizophrenia, not a specific form of schizophrenia
– Schizophrenia in the family increases risk for schizophrenia in other family members

Front 204

Schizophrenia: Genetic Influences
• Twin Studies

Back 204

– Risk of schizophrenia in monozygotic twins is 48%--identical twins .48 one twin has schizophrenia then the other one has a .48 chance*****
– Risk of schizophrenia drops to 17% for fraternal (dizygotic) twins

Front 205

Schizophrenia: Genetic Influences
• Adoption Studies

Back 205

– In schizophrenia the more closely related by blood or genes with someone with schizophrenia that is higher the risk of developing schizophrenia. The most closely related is identical twins.
– If your twin has schizophrenia and you don’t your offspring can still be affected.

Front 206

Schizophrenia: Genetic Influences
• Summary of Genetic Research

Back 206

– Risk of schizophrenia increases as a function of genetic relatedness
– One need not show symptoms of schizophrenia to pass on relevant genes
– The closer you are related genetically the closer your risk.

Front 207

(monozygotic) =
&
(Dizygotic)=

Back 207

.48, .17

Front 208

Schizophrenia: Neurobiological Influences
• Neurobiology and Neurochemistry: The Dopamine Hypothesis

Back 208

– Drugs that increase dopamine (agonists), result in schizophrenic-like behavior
– Drugs that decrease dopamine (antagonists), reduce schizophrenic-like behavior
– Examples include neuroleptics and L-Dopa for Parkinson’s disease

Front 209

Schizophrenia: Other Neurobiological Influences
• Structural and Functional Abnormalities in the Brain

Back 209

– Enlarged ventricles and reduced tissue volume
– Hypofrontality – Less active frontal lobes (a major dopamine pathway)
– Large scale brain dysfunctions

Front 210

Schizophrenia: Other Neurobiological Influences
• Viral Infections During Early Prenatal Development

Back 210

– The relation between early viral exposure and schizophrenia is inconclusive

Front 211

Schizophrenia: Other Neurobiological Influences
• Conclusions About Neurobiology and Schizophrenia

Back 211

– Schizophrenia is associated with diffuse neurobiological dysregulation
– Structural and functional abnormalities in the brain are not unique to schizophrenia

Front 212

Schizophrenia: Psychological and Social Influences
• The Role of Stress

Back 212

– May activate underlying vulnerability and/or increase risk of relapse

Front 213

Schizophrenia: Psychological and Social Influences
• Family Interactions

Back 213

– Families of people with schizophrenia show ineffective communication patterns
– High expressed emotion in the family is associated with relapse

Front 214

Schizophrenia: Psychological and Social Influences
• The Role of Psychological Factors

Back 214

– Psychological factors likely exert only a minimal effect in producing schizophrenia

Front 215

Medical Treatment of Schizophrenia
• Antipsychotic (Neuroleptic) Medications

Back 215

– Medication is often the first line of treatment for schizophrenia
– Began in the 1950s (targeted dopamine)
– Most medications reduce or eliminate the positive symptoms of schizophrenia (hallucinations and delusions)
– Acute and permanent extrapyramidal and Parkinson-like side effects are common; involuntary movements
– Poor compliance with medication is common
– People were on the medicine for years or months at a time

Front 216

Psychosocial Treatment of Schizophrenia

Back 216

• Psychosocial Approaches: Overview and Goals
– Behavioral (i.e., token economies) on inpatient units
– Community care programs
– Social and living skills training
– Behavioral family therapy
– Vocational rehabilitation
• Psychosocial Approaches Are Usually a Necessary Part of Treatment

Front 217

Psychosocial Treatment of Schizophrenia
• Atypical Anti- psychotics

Back 217

– Abilify, Ztrixa, Risperdal- targets positive and negative, side effects are much less
– Medicine isn’t the only treatment
– Family therapy is often needed
– Education and being straightforward and honest to the family.

Front 218

• Myths of Schizophrenia:

Back 218

– Vast majority lives in functioning communities (NOT HOSPITALS), they can manage symptoms better this week.

Front 219

• The Nature of Personality Disorders

Back 219

– Enduring and relatively stable predispositions (i.e., ways of relating and thinking)
– Predispositions are inflexible and maladaptive, causing distress and/or impairment; when you are 14 and an extrovert when you turn 40 you will still be one.
– Cause trouble such as impairments in relationships with others and the world: includes employment.
– Coded on Axis II of the DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR- on mental retardation and personality disorders are on axis II*****
• Mental Retardation and Personality on axis II because enduring engraving characteristic and difficult to treat and resistant to treatment*******

Front 220

• DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR Personality Disorder Clusters
– Cluster A

Back 220

– Odd or eccentric cluster (e.g., paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal)

Front 221

DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR Personality Disorder Clusters
– Cluster B

Back 221

– Dramatic, emotional, erratic cluster (e.g., antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcisstic)

Front 222

• DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR Personality Disorder Clusters
– Cluster C

Back 222

Fearful or anxious cluster (e.g., dependent, avoidant, obsessive-compulsive)

Front 223

• Prevalence of Personality Disorders

Back 223

– Affect about 0.5% to 2.5% of the general population
– Rates are higher in inpatient and outpatient settings

Front 224

• Origins and Course of Personality Disorders****

Back 224

– Thought to begin in childhood****
• manifested in adulthood ****
– Tend to run a chronic course if untreated

Front 225

• Paranoid Personality Disorder (A)

Back 225

– Pervasive Odd or eccentric structure
– Paranoid Personality disorder
– Pervasive pattern of distrust
– Belief that others are out to get them
– Always on guard, highly suspicious
– Very negative and unjustified mistrust and suspicion

Front 226

The casues of personality disorder are?

Back 226

– Biological and psychological contributions are unclear
– May result from early learning that people and the world is a dangerous place

Front 227

• Treatment Options for personality disorders?

Back 227

– Few seek professional help on their own
– Treatment focuses on development of trust
– Cognitive therapy to counter negativistic thinking
– Lack good outcome studies showing that treatment is efficacious

Front 228

Cluster A: Schizoid Personality Disorder
• Overview and Clinical Features

Back 228

– Pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships
– Very limited range of emotions in interpersonal situations
– Little emotion in inner personal relations
– May talk to people, but detached and little emotion
– Neither desire or enjoy close relationships with others
– May look like autism, social phobia
– Very little interest in relationship
– Very few seek help; they are ok with how they live their life.
– Loners by choice

Front 229

Cluster A: Schizoid Personality Disorder
The causes

Back 229

– Etiology is unclear
– Preference for social isolation in schizoid personality resembles autism

Front 230

Cluster A: Schizoid Personality Disorder
Treatment options

Back 230

– Few seek professional help on their own
– Focus on the value of interpersonal relationships, empathy, and social skills
– Treatment prognosis is generally poor
– Lack good outcome studies showing that treatment is efficacious

Front 231

Cluster A: Schizotypal Personality Disorder
• Overview and Clinical Features

Back 231

– Behavior and dress is odd and unusual
– Most unusal group behavior/mannerisms are odd (girl could tell the status of her day based on how license plate numbers added up)

Front 232

Cluster A: Schizotypal Personality Disorder
• The Causes

Back 232

– Schizoid personality – A phenotype of a schizophrenia genotype?
– Left hemisphere and more generalized brain deficits

Front 233

Cluster A: Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Treatment options

Back 233

– Main focus is on developing social skills
– Treatment also addresses comorbid depression
– Medical treatment is similar to that used for schizophrenia
– Treatment prognosis is generally poor

Front 234

selective mutism****

Back 234

– developmental disorder characterized by the individuals consistent failure to speak in specific social situations despite speaking in other situations

Identified as verbal or communication disorder- these disorders can appear deceptively benign, yet their presence early in life can cause wide ranging problems later.
Persistent failure to speak in specific situations – such as school – despite the ability to do so
Most often occurs between the ages 5-7, more prevalent among girls than boys – anxiety is a possible cause

Front 235

General differences in overall prevalence of personality disorders
Narcissistic PD

Back 235

In clinical populations 2.3%
more common in males
In general populations.1%
no difference

Front 236

General differences in overall prevalence of personality disorders
Avoidant personality disorder

Back 236

In clinical populations14.7%
no difference
In general populations 5.0-5.2%
no difference

Front 237

General differences in overall prevalence of personality disorders
Dependent personality disorder

Back 237

In clinical populations 1.4%
no difference
In general populations0.6-1.5%
no difference

Front 238

General differences in overall prevalence of personality disorders
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Back 238

In clinical populations 8.7%
more common in males
In general populations2.0-2.4%
no difference

Front 239

hallucinations are ?

Back 239

perceptions

Front 240

ppl having a hallucintation experience what?

Back 240

sensory experiences in the absense of external events

Front 241

Hallucinations

Back 241

– the experience of sensory events (someone called your name, or something moved by you) without any input from surrounding environment.

Front 242

• Hallucinations can involve many of the___?

Back 242

senses, although hearing things that aren’t there,

Front 243

auditory hallucinations are what?

Back 243

is the most common form experienced by people with schizophrenia.

Front 244

Schizophrenia: The “Positive” Symptom Cluster

Back 244

o Active manifestations of abnormal behavior, distortions or excesses of normal behavior
o Examples include delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech

Front 245

Schizophrenia: The “Negative” Symptom Cluster

Back 245

behavioral or cognitive deficits
o Absence or insufficiency of normal behavior
o Examples are emotional/social withdrawal, apathy, and poverty of thought/speech
• Spectrum of Negative Symptoms- think of the 4 A’s (Avolition, Alogia, Anhedonia, flat effect)

Front 246

o Avolition ****

Back 246

(or apathy) – Inability to initiate and persist in activities
-more than just a person who looks severely depressed

Front 247

o Alogia ****

Back 247

– A relative absence of speech or meaningful speech

Front 248

o Anhedonia

Back 248

– Inability to experience pleasure or engage in pleasurable activities

Front 249

o Flat Affect

Back 249

Show little expressed emotion, but may still feel emotion
-person’s affect is completely void of emotion

Front 250

Schizophrenia: The “Disorganized” Symptoms

Back 250

• The Disorganized Symptoms
 Include severe and excess disruptions in speech, behavior, and emotion
• Nature of Disorganized Speech
Cognitive slippage – Illogical and incoherent speech
Tangentiality – “Going off on a tangent” and not answering a question directly
Loose associations or derailment – Taking conversation in unrelated directions

Front 251

• Nature of Disorganized Speech
Cognitive slippage

Back 251

– Illogical and incoherent speech

Front 252

Nature of Disorganized Speech
Tangentiality

Back 252

“Going off on a tangent” and not answering a question directly

Front 253

Nature of Disorganized Speech
Loose associations or derailment

Back 253

– Taking conversation in unrelated directions

Front 254

Catatonia

Back 254

(Disorganized behavior)
– Spectrum from wild agitation, waxy flexibility (standing completely rigid- recall demo in class), to complete immobility