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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 levels of the Speech Chain
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Linguistic
Physiological Acoustic (Physiological) (Linguistic) |
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What is Observational Domain I
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Neural Processes
(both production and perception) |
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EEG (Electroencephalography) and MEG (Magnetoencephalography)
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temporal resolution of activity in SMALL AREAS of the brain
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MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
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activity in all areas of the brain, but low resolution
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Observation domains II
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Neuromuscular process, muscles contract the articulators (production)
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Observation Domain III
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Articulation (production) limitation of what we can measure
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Observation Domain IV
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Acoustic Signal
Central position between speaker and listener OUTPUT of articulation, INPUT to perception process represented by waveform acoustics, intensity, pitch, accent, all unique |
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Observation Domain V
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Auditory System (physiological and neurological four)
Chords > notes > frequencies |
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Observation Domain VI
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Stimulus transformation (psychoacoustics, psychophonetics, and speech perception)
ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES Different on phone, message in neural code |
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Three major areas of speech science
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Phonetics, Discrimination, Electric communication systems
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Three major areas of investigation
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Respiratory system
Phonatory system resonatory/articulatory system |
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Definition of sound
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disturbance in a medium +1 potential factor
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Definition of potential factor
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perceptual component to sound
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If elasticity is involved then ______ is the source of oscillation
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vibrating
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three essential constituents of sound
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1. source of energy
2. vibrating source creates disturbance 3. medium transmits the sound |
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simple wave
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one frequency, pure tone
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complex wave
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multiple frequencies, all other sounds (including speech!)
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higher stiffness = ______ frequency
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higher
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smaller mass = ______ frequency
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higher
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Simple Harmonic Motion
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repeats itself
period is constant frequency is constant represented by sin wave ex: tuning fork and pendulum |
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when amplitude lowers then _____ lowers
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intensity
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Restoring force (elasticity) is stronger when tines are more _______
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displaced, apart
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definition of inertia
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amount of resistance to change in velocity
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fastest movement occurs when swing passes ____________
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through rest position
restoring force is 0 here |
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definition of period
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time it takes to complete one cycle
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amplitude _______ over time as a result of friction
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decreases
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definition of frequency
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cycles per second (Hz)
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particles continue to vibrate in the _____ frequency as the tuning fork
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same
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transverse wave
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displacement perpendicular to direction of travel
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longitudinal wave
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(sound in air) displacement parallel to direction of travel
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when the tuning fork is open particles are in _______
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compression
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sound in air is _________ wave
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longitudinal
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negative = ______
positive = _______ |
node
antinode |
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definition of wavelength
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distance between corresponding points in successive waves
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Definition of velocity (speed)
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rate at which sound wave advances
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vibrations that are multiples of the fundamental frequency are called
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harmonics
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resonance happens in the _____ of the inner ear
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cochlea
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first harmonic = __________
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fundamental frequency
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higher harmonics = _______ vibrating segments
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shorter
h2 = 1/2, h3 = 1/3 |
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waveform:
_____ on x axis _____ on y axis |
time
amplitude |
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spectrum
____ on x axis ____ on y axis |
frequency
amplitude *obtained by Fourier analysis |
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white noise
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complex aperiodic noise
amplitude is random masks other signals no sinusoidal components |
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sound velocity in air is ______ than in most media
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slower
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low frequencies can travel _______
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through walls
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out of phase waves yields
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destructive interference
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in phase waves yields
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constructive interference
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normal vocal fold vibration is _____
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periodic
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Fourier Analysis
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breaking down a wave into series of sinusoids, with specific amplitude and phase
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linear system
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output is identical to input
used in hearing aids |
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typical phone is what kind of filter
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band pass
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definition of standing wave
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when 2 waves identical in frequency and amplitude travel in opposite directions
(particles vibrate in place but up and down) |
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half standing wave
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1 anti-node
2 nodes |
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pipe closed at one end is called ______
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1/4 length resonator
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pipe open at both ends is called _____
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1/2 width resonator
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range of hearing in young healthy adults
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20-20,000 Hz
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Range of freqs most important for perceiving speech
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100-5000 Hz
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Human ear has maximum sensitivity at _____ Hz
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3000
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after ____ Hz relationship between frequency and pitch is nonliniear
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1000
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unit of equal loudness is the _____
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phon
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to breath in we _____ pressure in out lungs, to breath out we _____ pressure in our lungs
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reduce, increase
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true ribs
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1-17
cartilaginous connections 1:1 connection cartilage to sternum |
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false ribs
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8-10
dont connect with sternum, cartilage connects with sternum |
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floating ribs
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11-12
support body, minor players |
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Diaphragm
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floor of thorax
major inhalation muscle |
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external intercostal muscles
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raise and exapand ribcage
sheet of muscle run toward sternum |
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Muscles of inhalation
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diaphragm
external intercostal muscles |
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internal intercostal muscles
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EXHALATION
deep to external intercostals run away from sternum interosseus = exhalation interchondral = inhalation |
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inhalation in quiet breathing
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diaphragm contracts
external intercostals, interchondral portion of internal intercostals contracts pressure decreases air flows in |
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Goal in speech breathing
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maintain subglottal pressure
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tidal volume
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amount of air exchanged (in and out) during a cycle of quiet breathing
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vital capacity
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amount of air exchanged in maximum inspiration-maximum expiration
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increasing subglottal pressure _______ intensity
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increases
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during speech breathing inspiratory and expiratory muscles are ________
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jointly active
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changing airflow is result of changing ______ in the lungs
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pressure
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cartilages of the larynx
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thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid,
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what are the muscles of the larynx and where do they attach
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extrinsic and intrinsic muscles
attaches bottom of trachea and below the hyoid bone |
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what is the function of the cricothyroid muscle
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regulates pitch
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what is the function od the interarytenoid muscle
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regulates vocal setting (creaky voice)
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what are the three muscles of the larynx
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vocalis, cricothyroid, interarytenoid muscles
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larynx = ____ source of sound while the Vocal Folds = ______
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source, filter
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what are the two types of sound production in speech
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1. phonatory (periodic) air pressure sets vocal folds into vibration
2. supraglottal (aperiodic) air pressure builds up and behind vocal tract for stops, and forced through narrow opening for fricatives |
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what is the basic concept of Bernullis principle
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negative pressure causes the vocal folds to be sucked together, causing a closed airspace below the glottis
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definition of fundamental frequency
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represents the number of vocal-fold cycles per second
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longer, more massive vocal folds yield _____ f0
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lower
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according to bernullis principle, and increase in speech yields a _____ in pressure
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decrease
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location of the thyroid cartilage
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encloses the larynx anteriorly
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location of cricoid cartilage
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top ring of trachea, supports arytenoids
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location of arytenoid cartilages
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paired pyramidal structures, vocal processes run forward to attach to vocal folds
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posterior cricoarytenoid muscles
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abduction
rotates arytenoids and separate vocal folds |
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lateral cricoarytenoid
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adduction
draw arytenoids forward and down |
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interarytenoid muscles
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adduction
arytenoids together posteriorly and adducts vocal folds |
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cricothyroid muscle
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vocalis allows for fine adjustments of tension
controls range of phonation, tension |
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what are the glottal states
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plain voice
voiceless (aspiration) murmur (breathy voice) creaky voice (laryngealized) |
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voice pitch depends mostly on _____
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fundamental freq
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breathy voice
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(murmur)
closure = very short vocal folds slightly apart, high rate of airflow through glottis |
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creaky voice
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(laryngealization)
arytenoid cartilages hold posterior part of chords together so they can vibrate only at other end |
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fundamental freq is ______ to length
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inverse
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raised larynx causes
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contraction of suprahyoid muslces
f0 increases |
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lowered larynx causes
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reduced tension
f0 decreases |
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spasmodic dysphonia
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strangled voice quality
increased resistance in VF vobration abductor = muscle spasm that causes folds to open more than you want |
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alaryngeal speech
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removal of larynx causes people to use other sources as a sound source
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resonance causes ...
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amplitudes of certain frequencies to be enhanced while others are reduced
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differences between tube and vocal tract
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1) curved VT
2) VT = muscles, soft 3) cross-sectional area = varied |
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harmonics are produced by _____
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vibrations of vocal folds
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vocal tract acts as a _____ for the sound source
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filter
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source constant, filter changing
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constant pitch, articulate different vowels
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filter constant, source changing
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vary f0, articulate single vowel
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Definiton: the result of filtering the sound source passing through the supraglottal cavities of the vocal tract
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resonance
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resonances of the vocal tract are called
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formants
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resonant frequencies are determined by _____ size
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cavity
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vocal fold vibration typically provides _____ sound source
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periodic
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whisper is ______ sound
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aperiodic
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contraction of ______ raises velum
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levator palatini muscle
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4 tongue muscles that connect with external structures on the tongue
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styloglossus, hyoglossus, genioglossus, palatoglossus
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4 muscles inside tongue
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superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, vertical, transverse
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tense vowels
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more extreme articulations
have longer durations may be dipthongized |
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lax vowels
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less extreme
occur only in closed syllables shorter in duration |
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shape or form of a signal moving in a physical medium or an abstract representation
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waveform, function of time
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sin wave has ______ fundamental frequencies
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1
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