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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What waxy-like substance is absolutely essential to the normal functioning of our cells.
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cholesterol
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Cholesterol serves as a precursor (a substance from which another is formed) to _____ such as the testosterone and estrogen.
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hormones
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In what two forms does our body package cholesterol?
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HDL and LDL
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What do high levels of LDL contribute to?
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plaques in arteries
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Which, inorganic or organic chemistry, is the chemistry of the living world?
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organic
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Organic chemistry is generally concerned with molecules containing what two atoms?
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carbon and hydrogen
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Since carbon has 4 electrons in its outer shell, how many other atoms can it bond with to fill it up?
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4 other atoms
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Carbon atoms most often share electrons with other_____ atoms.
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carbon
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Hydrocarbons are chains of carbon atoms that are bonded only to _____ atoms.
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hydrogen
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Carbon can form ____ bonds with itself or other atoms.
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double
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What is the skeleton of an organic molecule?
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carbon chain
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What accounts for a molecule's shape?
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arrangement of carbon atoms
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What determines an organic molecule's chemical properties?
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functional groups
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What functional group does this represent?
(Hint: notice the O-H molecule which is hydroxide.) |
Hydroxyl group
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What functional group does this represent?
(Hint: notice the double bonded carbon = oxygen atoms.) |
Carboxyl group
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What functional group does this represent?
(Hint: notice the NH2 molecule which is an amine; the core of amine is nitrogen.) |
Amino group
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What functional group does this represent?
(Hint: notice the sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom.) |
Sulfhydryl group
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What functional group does this represent?
(Hint: notice the phosphorus atom.) |
Phosphate group
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List the 4 types of biological molecules.
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carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
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When you digest food, it is broken down into _____ _____.
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subunit molecules
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Your body takes subunit molecules from the digestive process and builds the _____ that are used to make up your cells.
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macromolecules
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_____ _____ are a type of molecule that forms your genes.
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nucleic acids
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When the same type (one type) of subunit molecules bond together they form _____.
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monomers
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What is the result of multiple monomers joining together?
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polymer
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List the following in order of size, smaller to larger: monomer, subunit molecule, polymer.
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subunit molecule, monomer, polymer
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What monomers make protein polymers?
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amino acids
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What subunit molecules make amino acids?
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nucleotides
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What are carbohydrates used for?
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immediate energy
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Carbohydrates are polymers of individual monomers called _____.
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saccharides
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Typically, the sugar _____ is a monomer of carbohydrate polymers.
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glucose
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A single sugar molecule is called what?
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monosaccharide
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A two sugar molecule is called what?
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disaccharide
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A saccharide with many sugar molecules is called what?
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polysaccharide
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What do we call molecules that have the same number and kinds of atoms but different chemical properties because the atoms occur in different arrangements?
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isomer
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If the body doesn't need more energy at the moment, the glucose is metabolized to _____.
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fat
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Where are polysaccharides stored?
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inside cells
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Plants store glucose as _____.
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starch
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List the two structural forms of starch.
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branched and nonbranched
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In what form do animals store glucose?
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glycogen
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Glucose metabolism is controlled by which hormone?
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insulin
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Which organ releases insulin to control blood sugar (glucose)?
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pancreas
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What does insoluble mean?
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Cannot be dissolved in water.
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Lipids are _____ in water.
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insoluble
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Instead of fat, plants use _____ for energy storage.
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oils
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In animals, the secretions of oil glands help.....
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waterproof skin, hair, and feathers
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Do saturated fatty acids have double bonds between carbon atoms?
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no
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Do unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds between carbon atoms?
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yes
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Trans fats contain fatty acids that have been _____ _____ to make them more saturated.
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partially hydrogenated
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Which of the fatty acids (unsaturated, saturated, trans) are bad for the body?
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saturated and trans fats
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