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49 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What waxy-like substance is absolutely essential to the normal functioning of our cells.
cholesterol
Cholesterol serves as a precursor (a substance from which another is formed) to _____ such as the testosterone and estrogen.
hormones
In what two forms does our body package cholesterol?
HDL and LDL
What do high levels of LDL contribute to?
plaques in arteries
Which, inorganic or organic chemistry, is the chemistry of the living world?
organic
Organic chemistry is generally concerned with molecules containing what two atoms?
carbon and hydrogen
Since carbon has 4 electrons in its outer shell, how many other atoms can it bond with to fill it up?
4 other atoms
Carbon atoms most often share electrons with other_____ atoms.
carbon
Hydrocarbons are chains of carbon atoms that are bonded only to _____ atoms.
hydrogen
Carbon can form ____ bonds with itself or other atoms.
double
What is the skeleton of an organic molecule?
carbon chain
What accounts for a molecule's shape?
arrangement of carbon atoms
What determines an organic molecule's chemical properties?
functional groups
What functional group does this represent?(Hint: notice the O-H molecule which is hydroxide.)
What functional group does this represent?



(Hint: notice the O-H molecule which is hydroxide.)

Hydroxyl group
What functional group does this represent?
(Hint: notice the double bonded carbon = oxygen atoms.)
What functional group does this represent?



(Hint: notice the double bonded carbon = oxygen atoms.)

Carboxyl group
What functional group does this represent?
(Hint: notice the NH2 molecule which is an amine; the core of amine is nitrogen.)
What functional group does this represent?



(Hint: notice the NH2 molecule which is an amine; the core of amine is nitrogen.)

Amino group
What functional group does this represent?
(Hint: notice the sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom.)
What functional group does this represent?



(Hint: notice the sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom.)

Sulfhydryl group
What functional group does this represent?
(Hint: notice the phosphorus atom.)
What functional group does this represent?



(Hint: notice the phosphorus atom.)

Phosphate group
List the 4 types of biological molecules.
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
When you digest food, it is broken down into _____ _____.
subunit molecules
Your body takes subunit molecules from the digestive process and builds the _____ that are used to make up your cells.
macromolecules
_____ _____ are a type of molecule that forms your genes.
nucleic acids
When the same type (one type) of subunit molecules bond together they form _____.
monomers
What is the result of multiple monomers joining together?
polymer
List the following in order of size, smaller to larger: monomer, subunit molecule, polymer.
subunit molecule, monomer, polymer
What monomers make protein polymers?
amino acids
What subunit molecules make amino acids?
nucleotides
What are carbohydrates used for?
immediate energy
Carbohydrates are polymers of individual monomers called _____.
saccharides
Typically, the sugar _____ is a monomer of carbohydrate polymers.
glucose
A single sugar molecule is called what?
monosaccharide
A two sugar molecule is called what?
disaccharide
A saccharide with many sugar molecules is called what?
polysaccharide
What do we call molecules that have the same number and kinds of atoms but different chemical properties because the atoms occur in different arrangements?
isomer
If the body doesn't need more energy at the moment, the glucose is metabolized to _____.
fat
Where are polysaccharides stored?
inside cells
Plants store glucose as _____.
starch
List the two structural forms of starch.
branched and nonbranched
In what form do animals store glucose?
glycogen
Glucose metabolism is controlled by which hormone?
insulin
Which organ releases insulin to control blood sugar (glucose)?
pancreas
What does insoluble mean?
Cannot be dissolved in water.
Lipids are _____ in water.
insoluble
Instead of fat, plants use _____ for energy storage.
oils
In animals, the secretions of oil glands help.....
waterproof skin, hair, and feathers
Do saturated fatty acids have double bonds between carbon atoms?
no
Do unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds between carbon atoms?
yes
Trans fats contain fatty acids that have been _____ _____ to make them more saturated.
partially hydrogenated
Which of the fatty acids (unsaturated, saturated, trans) are bad for the body?
saturated and trans fats