第３課・上級へのとびら Grammar From 文法ノート

Front 1

このクラスにはキムさんの他に（も）韓国語出来る学生がありますか。

Back 1

Are there any students in this class besides Kim who can speak Korean?

Hint 1

Nの他に（も）~~ is an adverbial phrase meaning "in addition to N" or "besides"

Front 2

日本では、日本語を勉強する他に、色々な所に旅行にも行きたいと思っています。

Back 2

In Japan, I am thinking I want to travel to various places in addition to studying Japanese.

Hint 2

Vの他に（も）~~ is an adverbial phrase meaning "in addition to V–ing" or "besides V–ing"

Front 3

夏休みに大学の夏のコースを取った。その他にも、バイトをしたり、日本に行ったりした。

Back 3

Over summer break I took university summer school courses. In addition to that, I did stuff like work my part–time job and go to Japan.

Hint 3

（その／あの／この）他に（も）~~ is an adverbial phrase that means "in addition to ~" or "besides ~~"

Front 4

週末は宿題がたくさんあったので、勉強の他（に）は何も出来なかった。

Back 4

I had a lot of homework over the weekend, so I couldn't do anything other than study.

Hint 4

(V/N/Adj/DemA)〜他（に）は（〜ない）.
An adverbial phrase meaning "(not~) except for~," or "(not~) other than ~"

Front 5

今、私が住んでいるアパートの広さは、この部屋と同じぐらいです。

Back 5

Right now, the apartment I'm living in is about the same size as this room.

Hint 5

Nと同じぐらい〜
means "about the same ~ as N"

Front 6

今度住むアパートは、この部屋と同じぐらいの広さです。

Back 6

This time, the apartment I'm living in and this room are about the same size.

Hint 6

N1と同じくらい／ぐらいN2

Front 7

ドラえモンは実はネコ型ロボットなんです。

Back 7

Doraemon is, in reality, a cat shaped robot.

Hint 7

Nの型だ。
Means "N–shape/style/pattern; make; model; design"

Front 8

私の血液型はAです。

Back 8

My blood type is A.

Hint 8

Nの型だ。
Means "N–shape/style/pattern; make; model; design"

Front 9

父は１９５０年型のキャデラックを持っている。

Back 9

My dad has a 1950 model cadillac.

Hint 9

N1型（の）N2

Means N1 (style;pattern;shape;make;model;design) N2

Front 10

大阪、京都、それに奈良にも行った。

Back 10

I went to Osaka, Kyoto, in addition to Nara.

Hint 10

N1(、／と／に）N2、それにN3
Here, それに is used to add an item or make an addition statement.
Meaning: in addition; moreover;furthermore;what's more; on top of that; and

Front 11

日本の夏はとても暑い。それに湿度も高い。

Back 11

Japan's summers are very sultry. Furthermore, the humidity is also high.

Hint 11

S1.それに、S２。
Here, それに is used to add an item or make an addition statement.
Meaning: in addition; moreover;furthermore;what's more; on top of that; and

Front 12

そのアルバイトはあまり大変じゃないし、それに給料もいい。

Back 12

That part–time job isn't very difficult, moreover the salary is good.

Hint 12

S1し、それに　S２。
Here, それに is used to add an item or make an addition statement.
Meaning: in addition; moreover;furthermore;what's more; on top of that; and

Front 13

あの人が来るのなら、私は帰ります。

Back 13

If it's true that person is coming as you say, I'm leaving (now before he comes).

Hint 13

S1のならS2
is used when the speaker supposes that something is the case or is true and makes a statement, suggestion, etc. based on that supposition. の is used to denote that the supposition is based on what the speaker heard from someone or learned from the situation. NOTE, that the action/event in S1 does not have to take place before S2.

Front 14

トムが行くなら、私も行きます。

Back 14

If Tom is going to the party, I'l go, too.

Hint 14

S1ならS２。
is used when the speaker supposes that something is the case or is true and makes a statement, suggestion, etc. based on that supposition. NOTE, that the action/event in S1 does not have to take place before S2.

Front 15

明日なら大丈夫です。

Back 15

If it's tomorrow, I can make it.

Hint 15

N（の）なら〜。
Means: If it is N, ~
is used when the speaker supposes that something is the case or is true and makes a statement, suggestion, etc. based on that supposition. の is used to denote that the supposition is based on what the speaker heard from someone or learned from the situation.

Front 16

日本語なら読めます。

Back 16

I could read Japanese.

Hint 16

Nなら〜。
Means: would/could ~
is used when the speaker supposes that something is the case or is true and makes a statement, suggestion, etc. based on that supposition. の is used to denote that the supposition is based on what the speaker heard from someone or learned from the situation.

Front 17

友達が迎えに来たら、私は帰ります。

Back 17

If/when my friend comes to pick me up, I will leave.

Hint 17

S1たらS２。
When たら is used, as opposed to (の)なら, S1 must be completed before S2.

Front 18

姫路城は日本で最も美しいお城の一つとして知られています。

Back 18

Himejijyou castle is known as one of Japan's most beautiful castles.

Hint 18

Nとして
Means: as; in the capacity of
used to indicate the role, capacity, or occupation of someone or the function or characteristics of something.

Front 19

毎日、新しい漢字を五つ覚えることにしている。

Back 19

I make it a rule to memorize 5 new kanji a day.

Hint 19

V–plain.nonpastことにしている。
Indicates THE SPEAKER (or the subject of the sentence) makes it a rule to do something.

Front 20

私のアパートでは、ペットを飼ってはいけないことになっています。

Back 20

It is a rule at my apartment that you cannot keep pets.

Hint 20

V–nonpast.plain ことになっている。
Means: "be supposed to ~;" It is a rule that ~; It's been decided that~
means that something has been decided and the result of the decision is still in effect. It is often used to introduce rules or customs, as well as one's schedule.

Front 21

ゾウは長い鼻をしています。それに、耳も大きいです。

Back 21

Elephants have long noses. Furthermore, they have big ears.

Hint 21

N1 は Adj+N2 をしている。
This form is used to describe a feature of someone or something, focusing on a certain part or attribute of the person or thing. Synonyous with N1はN2が Adj.

Front 22

きれいな目をした人。

Back 22

The person with pretty eyes.

Hint 22

(A/Ana)+N2 をした N1.
This form is used to describe a feature of someone or something, focusing on a certain part or attribute of the person or thing. –– When the phrase modifies a noun, した is commonly used instead of している。

Front 23

４年間日本語を勉強してきました。

Back 23

I have studied Japanese for four years.

Hint 23

V–teくる
means: Have V–ed; begin to; become; grow
indicates temporal or spatial direction of an action directed toward the speaker. It often indicates that an action or process began in the past and is continuing IN THE PRESENT, or that something has begun to take place.

Front 24

日本語の文法が面白くなってきました。

Back 24

I'm beginning to find Japanese grammar interesting.

Hint 24

V–teくる
means: Have V–ed; begin to; become; grow
indicates temporal or spatial direction of an action directed toward the speaker. It often indicates that an action or process began in the past and is continuing IN THE PRESENT, or that something has begun to take place.

Front 25

これから、もっと暖かくなっていきます。

Back 25

From now on, it's going to grow warmer.

Hint 25

V−teいく
means: go on V–ing; continue;become;grow
Indicates the temporal or spatial direction of an action from the speaker's viewpoint. It is used when the action appears directed away from the speaker; it also often expresses an action or state that will continue from the present into the future.

Front 26

図書館で本を借りて来る。

Back 26

I'll go to the library to borrow some books (and will come back).

Hint 26

V–te くる。
This particular expression, as opposed to meaning " beginning to" or "have V–ed" is the original meaning of V–te くる。

Front 27

日本に引っ越すことになりました。

Back 27

It was decided (by someone else) that I must move to Japan.

Hint 27

V–plain.nonpast–ことになった。
means "It was/has been decided that~;" "It turns out that~"
Indicates that the situation has changed due to some external force (e.g. a decision made by someone other than the speaker.)

Front 28

先生は学生に「漢字を覚えなさい」と言いました。

Back 28

"Remember the kanji," said the teacher to the students.

Hint 28

"direct Quote"と言う。

Front 29

先生は学生に漢字を覚えるように言いました。

Back 29

The teacher told the students to remember the kanji.

Hint 29

V–nonpast.plain　ように言う。
Meaning: "to tell someone to V"
Used to quote a request or command indirectly.

Front 30

私は友達に「ノートを見せて下さい」と頼みました。

Back 30

"Please let me see your notes," I asked of my friend.

Hint 30

"direct quote" と頼みました。

Front 31

私は友達にノートを見せてくれるように頼みました。

Back 31

I asked my friend if he would let me see his notes.

Hint 31

V–te くれるように頼む。
means: "to ask someone to V"
Used to quote request or command indirectly. In an affirmative request ように頼む is often used with てくれる as seen here.

Front 32

私はよく両親に[弟をいじめてはいけません」と言われます。

Back 32

"Don't tease you're little brother," my parents often say to me.

Hint 32

"direct quote"と言う。

Front 33

私はよく両親に弟をいじめないように言われます。

Back 33

My parents often tell me not to tease my little brother.

Hint 33

V−nai　ないように頼む／言う　
Meaning: to ask someone not to V
Used to quote a request or command indirectly.

Front 34

母に薬を持って来てくれるように頼もうか。

Back 34

Did you ask mom to bring the medicine?

Hint 34

V–te くれるように頼む。
means: "to ask someone to V"
Used to quote request or command indirectly. In an affirmative request ように頼む is often used with てくれる as seen here.

Front 35

もし文法が間違ってたら、直してくれない？

Back 35

If you find mistakes with the grammar, will you fix them for me?

Hint 35

V–te くれる？
Means: Will you ~? Can you ~? Could you~?
When used with rising intonation it indicates a request in CASUAL conversation.

Front 36

この記事、読むの、手伝ってくれない？

Back 36

Won't you help me with the reading of this article?

Hint 36

V–te くれない？
Means: Will you ~? Can you ~? Could you~?
When used with rising intonation it indicates a request in CASUAL conversation.

Front 37

今勉強中だから、もうちょっと静かにしてもらえる？

Back 37

I'm in the middle of studying right now, so could you be a little more quite?

Hint 37

V–te もらえる？
Means: Will you ~? Can you ~? Could you~?
When used with rising intonation it indicates a request in CASUAL conversation.

Front 38

明日、九校に迎えに来てもらえない？

Back 38

Won't you please come pick me up at the airport tomorrow?

Hint 38

V–te もらえない？
Means: Will you ~? Can you ~? Could you~?
When used with rising intonation it indicates a request in CASUAL conversation.

Front 39

明日からもっと早く家を出るようにします。

Back 39

I will try my best to leave the house earlier from tomorrow on.

Hint 39

V–nonpast.plainようにする。
Means: make an effort to~; make an effort so that~; try (one's best) to do ~; try one's best so that~.
It indicates one's conscious effort to do something for some purpose. Here one makes an effort at every opportunity to do something to the degree that he or she can, but sometimes fails. Thus ようにする is often used for habitual actions. This differs from Vことにする which can indicate one's decision can be a single or habitual one.

Front 40

春休み何をしようかなあ。

Back 40

I wonder what I'll do for spring break.

Hint 40

〜かなあ。
Sentence final particle which indicates the sentence is a self–addressed question or a question addressed to the speaker's in–group member(s). Used ONLY IN CASUAL language.

Front 41

日本語のクラスの外でも、なるべく日本語で話した方がいいよ。

Back 41

Even when outside Japanese class, it is best to speak in Japanese as often as possible.

Hint 41

なるべく
Means: as much/often as possible; as~as possible
なるべく with or without an adverb modifies the following verb phrase and adds the meaning "as (much) as possible." When there is no specific adverb after なるべく, it is usually interpreted as "as much as~" or "as often as~"

Front 42

ケーキを作ろうとしたけれど、卵がなかったから、作れなかった。

Back 42

I was attempting to make a cake, but it had no eggs so I didn't make one.

Hint 42

V–vol とした（が／けれど）〜
Mean: tried to ~, but; was going to ~, but
In this particular sentence, the subject made an attempt at something, but failed.

Front 43

宿題をしようとしたが、友達が来たから、するのをやめた。

Back 43

I was going to do my homework, but friends came over so I stopped doing it.

Hint 43

V–vol とした（が／けれど）〜
Mean: tried to ~, but; was going to ~, but
Is used in situations where someone had made an attempt to do something but failed. In this particular sentence, the subject was going to do something, but didn't.

Front 44

電車に乗ろうとしたら￥、目の前でドアが閉まってしまった。

Back 44

I was going to get on the train, but the doors closed right before my eyes.

Hint 44

V–vol とした（が／けれど）〜
Mean: tried to ~, but; was going to ~, but
Is used in situations where someone had made an attempt to do something but failed. In this particular sentence, something happened when someone was going to do something.