3 Cold War Crises

Front 1

American president in 1960

Back 1

Eisenhower

Front 2

American president in 1961

Back 2

Kennedy

Front 3

U2 incident

Back 3

1960
During the Paris Summit Soviets shot down an American spy plane. The Americans denied this claim until they processed the pictures which the pilot, Gary Powers, had taken. They showed bomb bases and missile sites. Eisenhower refused to apologise so Stalin left the comference.

Front 4

Berlin Wall

Back 4

1961
Many East Berliners were fleeing to the West because there were better living conditions. These people were skilled workers. So, East Germans built a wall surrounding West Berlin. This showed how the East had to prevent them from leaving and emphasised the division of the "Iron Curtain".

Front 5

Mutually Assured Destruction

Back 5

Superpowers had enough nuclear weapons to destroy the world. However, no side would strike first knowing that the attack would lead to its own destruction.

Front 6

Original leader of Cuba

Back 6

Batista

Front 7

New Rebel communist leader of Cuba

Back 7

Fidel Castro

Front 8

Castro and Cuba

Back 8

Fidel nationalised all American companies in Cuba.
USA refused to buy their sugar, cotton and tobacco.
Khrushchev bought Cuba's sugar and became their ally.

Front 9

Bay of Pigs

Back 9

1961
The CIA trained Cuban exiles so that they could invade Cuba and assassinate Castro.
However, surprisingly the Cubans fought back and therefore the Americans faced a humiliating defeat.
Castro felt vulnerable and asked Khrushchev to help. Russia provided them with nuclear weapons which were within range of all of America's big cities.

Front 10

13 Day Crisis

Back 10

Once Kennedy was informed about Khrushchev's plans to build missile sites on Cuba he talked with his "hawk" and "dove" associates for a plan.
Kennedy imposed a naval blockade to search all suspicious ships reaching Cuba to find nuclear arms and missiles.
Kennedy issued a warning to the American people about the threat.
Finally, Khrushchev promised to withdraw missiles from Cuba if the USA would secretly withdraw their missiles from Turkey.

Front 11

Results of the Cuban Missiles Crisis

Back 11

A hotline telephone link was set up to introduce direct communication.
They signed the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.
Detente was introduced which decreased tensions.

Front 12

Original leader of Czechoslovakia

Back 12

Novotny

Front 13

New leader of Czechoslovakia

Back 13

Dubcek

Front 14

Czechoslovakia (Prague Spring)

Back 14

1968
Novotny was an unpopular leader because he was repressive and had a secret police to prevent opposition.
Dubcek, a friend of Brezhnev, replaced Novotny.
Dubcek relaxed censorship and allowed other political parties. Young students and writers liked it but older communists were appalled as the Spring would weaken Russian influence.
Brezhnev created a doctrine which gave him the right to invade a country whose actions threatened the security of the Eastern Bloc. Dubcek refused to step down so Russian tanks invaded. USA did not intervene as they were too busy fighting the Vietnam War.

Front 15

Russian leader from 1963

Back 15

Brezhnev

Front 16

Effects of the Prague Spring

Back 16

Communists in Western countries were furious and left the Communist Party.
Romania and Yugoslavia made links with another Communist power- China.