Heart & Heart Disease (3/3)

Front 1

Control of heart rate (3 systems)

Back 1

• autonomic nervous system
• sympathetic nervous system
• parasympathetic nervous system

Front 2

autonomic nervous system influence on heart

Back 2

modifies heart rate according to changing body conditions

Front 3

sympathetic nervous system influence on heart

Back 3

• stressors (excitement) activate SNS
• increase contraction rate by stimulating nodes
  
• increases contraction force

Front 4

parasympathetic nervous system influence on heart

Back 4

• decreases heart rate
  
• cranial nerve x - slows heart by acting on nodes, does not influence stroke volume

Front 5

Bradycardia

Back 5

slow heart rate
less than 60bpm

Front 6

Tachycardia

Back 6

heart rate more than 100bpm

Front 7

sinus arhythmia

Back 7

regular variation in heart rate
caused by changes in rate/depth of breathing

Front 8

premature ventricular contraction (PVC)

Back 8

ventricular contraction initated by Purkinje fibers instead of SA node

Front 9

Lub

Back 9

• first heart sound
  
• longer/lower pitches
• caused by close of AV valves

Front 10

Dub

Back 10

• shorter/sharper than lub
• occurs beginning ventricular relaxation
• caused by sudden closure of semilunar valves

Front 11

Murmur

Back 11

any abnormal sound heard

Front 12

Murmur types (2)

Back 12

• Organic murmur
  
• Functional murmur

Front 13

Organic murmur

Back 13

any abnormal sound caused by structural change in heart or vessels connected with heart

Front 14

functional murmurs

Back 14

normal sounds such as rapid filling of ventricles

Front 15

heart studies (4)

Back 15

• stethoscope
• Electrocardiograph (ECG or EKG)
• Catheterization
• Echocardiography

Front 16

Electrocardiograph

Back 16

• electrodes placed on skin to pick up electrical heart activity

• represents activity as waves

Front 17

catheterization

Back 17

thin tube passed through veins of arm or groin then into right side of heart

Front 18

echocardiography

Back 18

high frequency sound waves sent to heart from small instrument on chest surface

recorded as they return from bouncing off heart

Front 19

Heart inflammation (3 types)

Back 19

• Endocarditis
  
• Myocarditis
  
• Pericarditis
  

Front 20

Endocarditis

Back 20

• inflammation of heart lining
• inflammation of endocardium covering valves
• S&S: fever, systemic infection, murmur, anorexia, malaise, lethargy, cough, diarrhoea

Front 21

Myocarditis

Back 21

• inflammation of heart muscle
• caused by viruses or secondary infection or cocaine
• S&S: flulike symptoms, malaise, tachycardia, low grade fever

Front 22

Pericarditis

Back 22

• inflammation of serous or fibrous membrane surrounding heart
• occur secondary to other systemic or cardiac diseases
• S&S: chest pain abrupt in onset, can only breathe sitting up and leaning forward

Front 23

arrhythmia

Back 23

abnormal rhythm of heartbeat

Front 24

flutter

Back 24

heartbeat up to 300bpm

Front 25

fibrillation

Back 25

300-600bpm

- must be corrected by defibrillator

Front 26

heart block

Back 26

interruption of electrical impulses in heart's conduction system

Front 27

correction of arrhythmias

Back 27

- artificial pacemakers
- implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

Front 28

Congenital heart disease

Back 28

problems with heart's structure that are present at birth

• atrial septal defect
• patent ductus arteriosus
• ventricular septal defect
• coarctation of aorta
• tetraology of fallot

Front 29

Rheumatic heart disease

Back 29

• caused by streptococci release of toxins during infection
• antibodies containing toxins attack heart valves
• heart valves become inflamed
• valve cusps thicken/harden
• pulmonary congestion occurs

Front 30

Coronary artery disease

Back 30

involves walls of blood vessels that supply heart muscle

Front 31

types of coronary artery disease (3)

Back 31

- myocardial infarction
- angina pectoris
- atherosclerosis

Front 32

Myocardial infarction

Back 32

• sudden occlusion of coronary vessel obstructing blood flow to heart muscle
• results in death of muscle (necrosis)

Front 33

Angina pectoris

Back 33

• moderate ischemia causes characteristic discomfort felt in region of heart and left arm/shoulder
  

Front 34

Atherosclerosis

Back 34

• Lumen (space) in blood vessels gradually narrow
  
• causes thickening/hardening of blood vessels with loss of elasticity
  
• Leads to ischemia
  
• Results in blood clot (thrombus) formation
  

Front 35

Heart failure

Back 35

• heart unable to pump sufficient blood
• heart chambers enlarge
• blood backs up into lungs
• ventricular muscles have decreased ability
• fluid accumulates in lungs, liver abdomen and legs
  S&S: fluid retention, oedema, shortness of breath, fatigue, malnutrition, cyanosis, tachycardia