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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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‘water footprint
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total amount of water used in production of goods and services
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Virtual Water-
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the volume of water that is used to grow or create products (not taking in to account of transportation and packaging costs, etc, just the product itself i.e cell phone)
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Which countries are exporters of virtual water and who they are exporting to
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Major Exporters South America to Central Asia, South Asia and Western Europe North America to Central Asia, South Asia, Western Europe Central America and Middle East North/Central Africa and Australia - even though these countries have problems with water issues (ie lots of products being made that needs more water!)
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Major Importers of virtual water
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EuropeCentral & South AsiaMiddle EastNorth America
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Which countries have the highest per capita water footprint
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2500: USA, Spain, Italy, Greece, Malaysia, & Portugal 2300: Sudan and South Sudan
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What issues may cause water stress now and in the future
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Over-exploitation of shared resources can lead to water conflictso This may reduce water efficiencyo Encourages some countries to produce export crops which deplete local water resources
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The difference between grey, green and blue water footprints
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Green water footprint: volume of rain water evaporated – agricultural and forestry products
Blue water footprint: volume of surface or ground water consumedo Grey water footprint: volume of polluted water |
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· Review graph on water footprint of sugar; know highest and lowest
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Highest - Cuba, India → High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFMS) and Sugar Cane (SC)
Lowest - Netherlands, France, USA (USA produces a High Fructose Corn syrup at a lower water footprint and does not import from Cuba, whereas Canada obtains sugar from Cuba) |
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Lake Superior
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Largest, deepest and coldest - retention time of 191 years
pollution through airborne transport |
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Lake Michigan
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second largest - entirely in USA
wastes from largest concentration of pulp and paper mills |
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Lake Huron
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third largest - Saginaw Bay City metropolitan area
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Lake Ontario
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depth: 86m - retention time: 6 years - narrow band in USA
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Lake Erie
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smallest and shallowest: 19m - shortest retention time: 2.6 years
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Main pollution pathways to the different lakes (e.g. sewage, industry, atmosphere, ‘grasshopper effect’) and how many chemicals are in the GL
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360 chemical compounds have been found in the GL
The grasshopper effect is the geochemical process by which certain chemicals, most notably persistent organic pollutants (POPs), are transported from warmer to colder regions of the Earth. |
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Main pollution pathways to the different lakes
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runoff of farm chemicals from agricultural landswaster from cities
discharges from industrial areas leachate from disposal sites fall with rain or snow and as dust on the lake surface (atmospheric) |
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What causes ‘lake effect snow’
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Lake-effect snow forms in the winter when cold air masses move over warmer lake waters. As the warm lake water heats the bottom layer of air, lake moisture evaporates into the cold air. Since warm air is lighter and less dense than cold air, it rises and begins to cool. The moisture that evaporates into the air condenses and forms clouds, and snow begins falling.
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How native peoples lived prior to European settlement and the characteristics of the different time periods (e.g. Archaic, Woodland, Paleoindian)
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Paleoindian peoples: First inhabitants 11-8 ka bp- Big game hunters, large projectile points
Archaic peoples: 10-4 ka bp- starting using more expanded resources, started becoming more sedentary, larger groups, burials• Woodland peoples: 4 ka to European contact- horticulture, land clearance, burial complexes |
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Basic trajectory of European settlement in the Great Lakes
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By early 1600s: French had explored the forests around the St. Lawrence Valley
•1670: built the first of a chain of Great Lakes forts to protect the fur trade • Through 17th century: furs were transported to Hochelaga (Montreal) on the Great Lakes routes • but no permanent European settlements were maintained except at a few forts (e.g. Niagara •British presence: Fort Oswego on the south shore of Lake Ontario in 1727 • Fight between the British and the French for control of the Great Lakes: end with capture of Quebec in 1759 |
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The common commodities shipped through the Great Lakes
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iron ore, coal and grain
Land: Lumbar (float the logs down the lakes), wheat, grain, other agriculture products Bulk goods: iron ore, coal. Used to feed the industrial revolution, shipped through great lakes ports They were used as waterways: major highways of trade, exploited for their fish |
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From ‘Beloved Community’ - the issues surrounding the concerns regarding the construction of new ethanol plant
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Increased health concerns from toxic compound release such as;
infertility in woman breathing problems in kids endometriosis interfering with the hormonal system asthma in childrenlearning and behavioural problems skin rashes The fact they were going to build it in a forest land near the First Natives Graveyard also played a factor |
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The process of anoxia (‘dead zones’) in Lake Erie
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Bottom waters in the central basin of Lake Erie - anoxic (without oxygen) in the late summer
Top layer - warm, sunlit, mixes with oxygen from the air Bottom layer - cool, dark, cut off from the air Phosphorus fertilize algae which grows in the top layer Algae sinks to the bottom when they die Bacteria and fungi decompose the algae near the bottom, using up all the oxygen which is dissolved in the water Lake Erie is shallow - no overturn of water - bottom water loses oxygen and nothing can grow |
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Different water diversion proposals for the Great Lakes (NAWAPA) and why they weren’t implemented
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NAWAPA
-North American Water and Power Alliance-1960s water from Alaska and northwestern Canada to southern states -U.S. Army Corps of Engineers suggested diversion of water from the Great Lakes -also a proposal called for a canal or a pipeline to carry water from the Great Lakes1970s diversion: via the Mississippi River to compensate for rapid depletion of groundwater from the Ogallala aquifer to rapidly growing economies in the Southwest opposed by all Great Lakes states and Ontario |
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Different water diversion proposals for the Great Lakes (GRAND) and why they weren’t implemented
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-Great Recycling and North Developing Canal
-Plan calls for turning James Bay into a freshwater lake using ‘recycled run-off’ -dam to prevent mixing with saltwater from Hudson Bay -freshwater would then be pumped over the Arctic divide and transferred into the Great Lakes -proposed in the 1950s and revived in 1985project would require an estimated $100 billion (Canadian) -Great Lakes water in turn be diverted for sale to western states -the support of: Bourassa and Mulroneyopposed by environmentalists, native groups |
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Issues surrounding the invasion of sea lampreys and zebra mussels
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Sea Lampreys
1950s and 1960s: invasion of Great Lakes by sea lamprey1955: Commission established to find a means of control for the lamprey
sea lampreys entered the Great Lakes through the Welland Canal about 1921native to the coastal regions of the Atlantic Oceandecreasing water quality made conditions more favourable for the lamprey as they thrive in bad quality environmentsdecimated fisherieslate 1970s: lamprey population reduced by 90%used of selective chemicals to kill the larvae in streams |
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Zebra Mussels
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arrived through boat ballasts from Eurasiacompeting with local mussels and have been nearly taken overproblem associated with is not the loss of other mussel species but the fact that their biomagnification and retain toxic chemicals for the consumer next in the food chain
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How the Great Lakes IJC (International Joint Commission) works
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Seeks common solutions in the interests of Canada and the U.S. created by the 1909 Boundary Waters Treaty
Created a process for cooperation in the use of all the waterways that cross the border between the two nationsIJC has 6 members, 3 from each side by the heads of the federal governmentsMembers expected to act independently of national concernsThree responsibilities:Approve applications for the use, obstruction or diversion of boundary watersConduct studies of specific problemsArbitrate specific disputes |
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What the ‘ecosystem approach’ is
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Entire Great Lakes system covered
land, air and water atmospheric inputs of pollutants as a major factor in the well-being of the system how humans use natural resources use affected by social, economic, technical and political variables human culture, changing lifestyles and attitudeseffects of land uses on water quality introduced mass balance: which calculates the amount of pollutant that remains active after all sources and losses are considered |
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What a biological indicator is
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Bio indicators are species that can be used to monitor the health of an environment or ecosystem.
They are any biological species or group of species whose function, population, or status can reveal what degree of ecosystem or environmental integrity is present. |
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example of biological indicator
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Herring gull eggs as indicator of toxic pollutants
Algal blooms as an indicator of accelerated eutrophication |
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The basic facts about the different water quality agreements and why they started
Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement - 1972 |
established common water quality objectives
other objectives: elimination of oil, visible solid wastes, etc. Pollution from large sewage treatment plants into Lakes Erie and Ontario Chief objective: reduction of phosphorus levels to no more than 1 ppm (mg/L) research also on pollution from land use and other sources surveillance and monitoring to identify problems identified more than point source pollution |
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The basic facts about the different water quality agreements and why they startedGreat Lakes Water Quality Agreement - 1978
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target loadings for phosphorus for each lake Target loadings essentially tell you how much amount of phosphorus a lake can support in terms of ppm so that your lake doesn’t ‘die’ and have abundant algal growth
introduced the concept of mass balance
The mass balance approach calculates the amount of pollutant that remains active after all sources and losses are considered. Formerly, phosphorus control was based on setting effluent limits to reduce pollution from direct discharges
Also called for virtual elimination of: discharges of toxic chemicals |
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The basic facts about the different water quality agreements and why they started
Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement - 1987 |
Remedial Action Plans (RAPs) for geographic Areas of Concern
Lakewide Management Plans (LAMPs) for Critical Pollutants addresses: nonpoint sources of pollution contaminated sediment airborne toxic substances pollution from contaminated groundwater |
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Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement Renegotiations - 2011-2012
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Addressing pharmaceuticals and new toxic chemicals
Combined effects of stresses (e.g. invasive species and warmer water) Changes due to more increases in storms and sewer overflows Key issues: Management and cooperation Environmental Challenges |
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What affects climate in the Great Lakes
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1) air masses from other regions•
2) location of the basin within a large continental landmass• 3)moderating influence of the lakes themselves |
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· The effects of climate change/lower water levels on different industries (From ‘Low Water Blues’, Part 3)
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reduced loads, increaseing trips needed
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How hydrologic data is compiled in the Great Lakes and the changes in water levels over the past 100 years (esp. Lake Huron) (Low Water Blues- Part 1)
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In January-March 2014 Lake Michigan-Huron was the closest to long-term monthly means it had been since April 2012. However, it remained more than 11.8 inches (30 cm) below long-term monthly means at least up to March 2014
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How water-levels have changed in the Great lakes since deglaciation
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Lake levels are expected to decline in the Great Lakes as more moisture evaporates due to warmer temperatures and less ice cover (Google)
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Why the Great Lakes fisheries have declined
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increased water temperature, pollution, and invasive species
Drastic decline because the more valuable larger fish have disappeared: lake trout, sturgeon and lake herring lake trout: once the top predator in the Lakes now only substantial natural reproduction in Lake Superior Therefore: only pockets remain of the large commercial fishery |
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Which government departments are responsible for Great Lakes management (Canada and US)
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Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy (canada)Environmental Protection Agency (USA)
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The general trends for invasive species, pollutants in the Great Lakes
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Invasive species- not improving/no change in certain lakesPollutants- improving/fair/poor changes being implemented in “all” of the great lakes
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Erie Canal |
carried settlers west and freight east (1812)
584 km long, expanded traffic from the Eastern seaboard to western interior major expansion of Buffalo, Rochester, Syracuse replaced the New York Barge Canal in 1918 |
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Lachine Canal
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bypass the St Lawrence river
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Welland Canal (1829)
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42 km long to bypass Niagara Fallsnearly 40 000 000 tons of cargo carried per year by 3000 vessels
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St. Lawrence Seaway (1959)
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ocean vessels shipping iron ore, coal, and grain
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Rideau Canal
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meant for military purposes (1829-1832)
longest operated canal in NA and now a heritage site |
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How Randle Reef is being remediated
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planned to cement the toxic coal tar to prevent coal tar from moving further into the Lake Ontario
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General population trends
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Lake Michigan highest pop’n increase (due to Chicago/industry area)
Lake Erie 2nd highest pop’n increase (same reasonings) Lake Ontario 3rd Lake Huron and Lake Superior 4/5th due to rural and cold area development |
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How water gets into the great Lakes (‘Low Water Blues’ part 1)
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on average less than 1 percent of the water of the Great Lakes is renewed annually by precipitation, surface water runoff, and inflow from groundwater sources
Water enters the system as precipitation, runoff (including snowmelt) from the surrounding land, and groundwater inflow. Water leaving the system consists of evaporation from the water’s surface, groundwater outflow, consumptive uses, and diversions. |
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Code of Hammurabi |
(Babylonia ca 1750 BCE): the earliest major code of law
• Sparse precipitation required careful control on water - Code required payment to neighbors of lost crop
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Riparian doctrine
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water belongs to public-riparian rights refer to the system of allocating water among those who own the land at or near the source of the water
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Spanish Water Law:
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water diversion requires consent from the Crown
local superintendents selected to supervise • could even regulate growth of population by allocating water between cities sharing a river |
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Code Napoléon
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Riparian water rights extended to the middle of non-navigable streams
Navigable streams owned by the public Right to build mills belonged to the riparian landowner –could be compensated if water diverted upstream |
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How water allocation laws changed in the US (hint: California Gold Rush)
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Required major water diversions for mineral extraction so water allocation laws had to be changed. now, water can be diverted from a stream for use on non-riparian land
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Doctrine of Prior Appropriation
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water can be diverted from a stream for use on non-riparian land
indicated that water rights and land rights were different prior appropriation water rights refer to the system of allocating water rights from a source of water on a first use basis not linked to ownership of the land over which the water sources are present first person to use the water from a water source for a beneficial use will have the right to continue to use that quantity of water for that purposeboth types of water exist in the USA: riparian rights in the eastern states, and prior appropriation rights in the western states |
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water right
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acquired to divert water for a beneficial use
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Who has control over water in Canada
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Provinces have most regulatory powers and proprietary rights over: surface watersgroundwater Control over: flow regulation water use and development pollution control
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Who has control over water in Canada (Federal)
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navigation and fisheries
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The issues surrounding water conflicts in the Middle east (esp. Turkey, Syria, Iraq)
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Water use management: an extremely contentious issue
1) Current political borders disregard hydrologic boundaries 2) Freshwater resources are very unevenly distributed 3) A resource under stress: Total water use in the region has increased nearly 100% in the last 100 years Boundaries in Middle East defined by straight lines after WW I •Tigris and Euphrates: major hydrologic systems in region • Water development in Turkey has created shortages in Iraq and Syria • Development aided by Western countries with own agendas |
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The concept of water as a public good
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Generally viewed as a public good
• right of use for everyone for basic needs • no one should be deprived
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Which delta is the world’s most vulnerable (from the movie ‘The Future of Water- The Waterlords’)`
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he Nile Delta is one of the world’s most vulnerable deltas to climate change and variability, hosting the most fertile land in Egypt and 50% of the Egyptian population
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What proposals have been made to alleviate water scarcity in different countries NORWAY
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Norway - Norwegian authorities want to build 4600 mini, micro and small power stations.
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What proposals have been made to alleviate water scarcity in different countries INDIA
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farmers that have more than two children will not receive water for irrigation
River link plan - Link all 37 rivers that flow southward from the Himalayas |
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What proposals have been made to alleviate water scarcity in different countries CHINA
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blasting out mountains to channel water
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What proposals have been made to alleviate water scarcity in different countries EGYPT
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having to create a re-agreement between countries sharing the NIle of water use, and having small diversion (similar to the Indian proposal) to desert areas
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How ‘value’ is determined for water
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location•quantity•chemistry, biology, physical, thermal•use
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How wetlands provide value
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Provisioning: freshwater, food, fibre and fuel, genetic materials, biochemical
Regulating: Water regulation, water ppurification, climate reglation, erosion regulation, natural hazard regualtion, pollination Cultural: spiritual and inspirational, recreational, aestetic, educational, Supporting: soil formation, nutrient cycling |
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Different ways to associate ‘costs’ with water (e.g. travel costs, averting behaviour)*
There are three main approaches to economic valuation: (what does have to do with cost? DIRECT MARKET VAULATION |
Uses data from actual markets
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Different ways to associate ‘costs’ with water
Revealed preference |
Economic agents ‘reveal’ their preferences through their choiceso Used when market information data is unavailable
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Stated preference
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A market demand for ecosystem services are simulated through conducting surveys that include some hypothetical changes in ecosystem services originating from policy changes.
A number of studies have used stated preference methods when market information has been unavailable Frequently used to elicit non-use or cultural values, as these values do not have recorded behaviours, unlike use values, which can be better measure by revealed preference methods |
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TC
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o Estimated the economic value of recreational sites by looking at the generalized TCs of visiting these sites.
o The valuation is then based on deriving a demand curve for the site in question, through the use of various economic and statistical models. |
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CV
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contingent valuation-what are people willing to pay for? (Stated preference)
o Currently the most-used stated preference technique for the valuation of environmental goods o Individuals state their willingness to pay or willingness to accept compensation for a good or service. o Allows environmental changes to be valued even if they have not occurred yet |
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RC
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REPLACEMENT COST The willingness of individuals to pay to replace or restore something.
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HP
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Hedonic Pricing relationship between housing and environment (e.g. housing near steel mills in Hamilton lower than on ‘the mountain’) (Revealed preference)o
Estimates the economic value of an environmental commodity, such as clean water, clean air or an attractive view, by studying the relation between such attributes and house prices |
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BT
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benefit transfer-what do people want in exchange for environment? (revealed preference)
Consists of exporting previous benefit estimates (either from stated preference or revealed preference) from one site to another, at one point in time, with regard to the researcher’s area of interest. |
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Estimate there are three possible forms of transfers:
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§ Transfer of an average of willingness to accepts compensation estimates from one primary study
§ Transfer of the willingness to accept compensation function § And transfer of willingness to accept compensation estimates by aggregating other estimates employing meta-analysis |
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NMT
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non-monetary transfer-focus groups, health committees
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AB
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averting behaviors (preventive expenditures) (direct market valuation)
o Measures the expenditure incurred in order to avert damage to the natural environment, human infrastructure or health o Should be seen as a minimum estimate of impact costs, since it does not measure the consumer surplus. |
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PF
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production factor-impact pathways
Estimates the economic value of an environmental commodity through an ‘impact-pathway’ approach, in which a change in the environmental attribute is linked to impacts on ‘endpoints’ that are relevant for human well-being. |
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Different types of water conflict
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Cauvery Water dispute, India, Water Use
River Rhine > Water quality > conlict through pollution Ganga Basin > Water distribution > Relative distribution conflict |
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What defines access to safe water(Access to drinking water)
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means that the source is less than 1 kilometer away from its place of use and that it is possible to reliably obtain at least 20 liters per member of a household per day.
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What defines drinking water)
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is water used for domestic purposes, drinking, cooking and personal hygiene
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Main issues surrounding poverty and water
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In many poor countries only 25 percent have access to piped water in their homes, compared with 85 percent of the wealthiest.
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Poor people living in the slums of Manila, the Philippines, Jakarta, Indonesia, and Nairobi, Kenya, pay 5-10 times more for water per unit than wealthy people in the same city—and more than residents of London or New York
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(This is because they are not connected to utility, thus must buy in bulk).
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The poor are often not connected to the utility so they purchase their water in bulk
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they pay 10 times more for water than residents (connected to the utility) in high income areas.
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The poorest households of El Salvador, Jamaica, and Nicaragua spend more than 10% of their income on H2O (compared to UK, where 3% of income on H2O is considered an indicator of poverty).
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YEAH
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3 fundamental lessons
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The environmental quality of growth matters to people living in poverty;
• Environmental management cannot be treated separately from other development concerns; • People living in poverty must be seen as part of the solution rather than part of the problem |
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Relationship of environment and urban poverty
Urban poverty causes environmental degradation in two ways: |
1) Industrialization and urban air pollution: Role of taxation in controlling pollution externalities 2) Congestion and availability of clean water and sanitation: Productivity losses and financial feasibility of providing clean drinking water and sanitation for all. |
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Difference between perceived and real injustice (hint: Kanye)
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Perceived injustice is what is felt by the person in the situation believing that they are suffering because of someone else’s negligence
Real injustice is what is felt by an outside party not in the situation observing others are suffering because of “our” (meaning those that are not in the situation) negligence. |
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Concept of social justice
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The fairness of access to water resources and equality of burden from poor water quality and water hazards.
at least 1.1 billion people across the world are living without access to safe, clean drinking water and over 2 billion without access to adequate sanitation |
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The basic makeup of a water molecule
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Strong covalent bonds between Hydrogen and Oxygen (evaporates slowly)
weak hydrogen bonds (between water molecules) allow movement |
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How does eutrophication work
characterized by a development towards an environment rich in nutrients and increased primary productivity (algal blooms) |
OLIGOTROPHIC --> NUTRIENT INPUTS -> EUTROPHIC
usually caused by fertilizers (phosphorus) 1 |
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OLIGOTROPHIC
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(low nutrient, water clear, light penetrates, limited phytoplankton)
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NUTRIENT INPUTS
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(high nutrient, water turbid, high phytoplankton)
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EUTROPHIC
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(high nutrient, high turnover of phytoplankton (aka algae), - less dissolved oxygen, fish suffocate)
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point source pullution
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point source - A specific spot where large quantities of pollutants are discharged such as on site septic systems. leaky sewer lines and municipal landfills
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nonpoint (distributed) source
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A diffuse source of pollutants, often consisting of small point sources, e.g, Fertilizers on agricultural land, pesticides on agricultural land and forests, contaminants in rain snow, and dry atmospheric fallout.
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What is biomagnification
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Biomagnification - it gets bigger as it moves up the food chain. For instance, small fish is toxic, and big fish eat a lot of small fish, the big fish get toxic as well, and then humans eat it, we become toxic as well etc.
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The difference between water withdrawal, consumption, and extraction
water withdrawal |
withdrawal: water diverted/withdrawn from surface water or groundwater source. Often, a portion of this water is returned to the source and is available to be used again.
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consumption
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water that is used & not returned to its original source
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extraction
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process of taking water from any source, temporarily or permanently
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percentage of lakes in Canada
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60%
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country that has the largest wetland
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west siberian lowland - russiaCanada has 3 wetlands (midterm answer)
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Longest Freshwater Residence Time
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Ice (Glaciers) and Groundwater
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Shortest Freshwater Residency Time:
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surface water
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lostgest freshwater residence times overall:
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oceans --> glaciers --> soil moisture --> deep groundwater
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Basic structure of a river
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the source, the course, and the mouth.
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characteristic of the source of a river
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The source of the river tends to be cold, low in nutrients, and high in oxygen. Many rivers form as underground water finds its way to the surface, or as frozen glaciers melt.
Relatively few species of organisms are found here (such as invertebrates). Streams join to form rivers and then they form rapids or torrents. |
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characteristic of the course of a river
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The course of the river describes its path as it moves toward the eventual exit into a larger body of water. Rivers tend to have a slower velocity through their course, absorb more sunlight, and thus have a higher temperature. Runoff from nearby ecosystems increases the nutrient level of this water, thus allowing for a greater biodiversity.
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characteristic of the mouth of a river
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The mouth of the river is the last point before the fresh water empties into a lake or ocean. These areas may have the greatest nutrient level of all, as the sediment erosion of nearby land all along the river’s course accumulates. If the river empties into the ocean, the water will be brackish, or a mixture of salt and fresh. Estuaries, one of the most biologically productive of all the Earth’s ecosystems, are found here. At the very end of the river, they lose their destructive pattern and carry sediment that stains water brown.
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What happens when groundwater is extracted faster than the recharge rate
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Land subsidence (sink holes)Falling water tables (cone of depression)
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What is a watershed?
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A total land area that drains surface water to a common point (ex. the great lakes)
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Where does the majority of evaporation occur ?
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Oceans (90%)
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Know the major Greenhouse gasses
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carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and water vapour
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Know what an ‘extreme weather event’ is
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xtreme weather event is usually one time (e.g 100 year flood)
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Review ‘redox’ reaction
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changes in the oxygen state; happens when a lake is flipping--during lake turnover is the water being oxidized or reduced?**
oxidation: increase of oxygenreduction: decrease |
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Know what an ‘emerging pathogen’ is (from Water Under Fire: the St. Lawrence)
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pathogen that jumps into new species→ exists in animal intestines, moves into water then to humans
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