251 Exam 1 Csn

Front 1

Genus

Back 1

Italics, always capitalized, can be abbreviated, except viruses, above species, below family

Front 2

Biogenesis

Back 2

Microbes arise from other microbes

Front 3

Spontaneous generation

Back 3

Life begins with no living precursor needed

Front 4

Mycology

Back 4

Study of fungus

Front 5

Recombinant DNA technology

Back 5

Field of genetic engineering

Front 6

Normal microbiota

Back 6

Or flora, Bacteria that are a normal part of the human body

Front 7

Capsule

Back 7

Thick, tightly bound glycocalyx

Front 8

Slime layer

Back 8

Thin, loosely bound glycocalyx

Front 9

Lophotrichous

Back 9

2 or more filaments, polar

Front 10

Amphitrichous

Back 10

Multiple filaments at each end

Front 11

Peritrichous

Back 11

Filaments all around the cell

Front 12

Peptidoglycan

Back 12

In bacterial cell walls, carb backbone with alternating NAM and NAG

Front 13

Group translocation

Back 13

When substances are modified to pass through the membrane and maintain the gradient

Front 14

Osmotic pressure

Back 14

Pressure needed to stop the flow of water across the membrane

Front 15

Hypotonic

Back 15

Solute concentration is higher on the inside

Front 16

Hypertonic

Back 16

Concentration of solutes is lower inside of the cell

Front 17

Ribosome

Back 17

Site of protein synthesis

Front 18

Endospores

Back 18

Resting structure to protect against a hostile environment

Front 19

Sporulation

Back 19

Process of making a spore

Front 20

Germination

Back 20

Process of returning an endospore back to vegetative state

Front 21

Inclusions and granules

Back 21

Storage

Front 22

Microtubule

Back 22

Long tubes made if tubulin, functions as a skeleton

Front 23

Endocytosis

Back 23

How cells engulf large particles

Front 24

Phagocytosis

Back 24

Cell sends out projections to surround and eat the target

Front 25

Pinocytosis

Back 25

Cell membrane folds to make a divot, cellular drinking

Front 26

Receptor mediated endocytosis

Back 26

Pinocytosis plus a ligand binds to a receptor in the membrane (viruses use this)

Front 27

Organelle

Back 27

Membrane bound structures in eukaryotic cells

Front 28

Histones

Back 28

Condense DNA and keep it untangled

Front 29

Chromatin

Back 29

The thread like mass DNA is condensed into

Front 30

Nucleoli

Back 30

Sites of synthesis for rRNA, which is a part of the ribosome

Front 31

Cristae

Back 31

Folds in the inner membrane of mitochondria

Front 32

Matrix

Back 32

Fluid filled space in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Front 33

Thylakoids

Back 33

Flattened membranous sacs in chloroplasts.

Front 34

Peroxisomes

Back 34

Detoxify the cell

Front 35

Vacoules

Back 35

Cavities for storage

Front 36

Grana

Back 36

Stacks of thylakoids

Front 37

Endosymbiotic theory

Back 37

Large and small bacteria replicated at the same rate, small bacteria became dependent on the host, and eventually co-evolved into one bacteria

Front 38

Metabolism

Back 38

Sum of all chemical reactions

Front 39

Collision theory

Back 39

How chemical reactions occur and how some factors influence this

Front 40

Activation enegy

Back 40

Energy required to disrupt electron configuration to make a reaction occur

Front 41

Enzyme

Back 41

Catalysts that speed up chemical reactions

Front 42

Non competitive inhibition

Back 42

Inhibitors don't bind to active site, also called allosteric

Front 43

Feedback inhibition

Back 43

When the excess product of a reaction is used to inhibit function

Front 44

Substrate level phosphorylation

Back 44

When P is transferred from a phosphorylated compound to ADP

Front 45

Chemiosmosis

Back 45

Carrier molecules take NADH and FADH2 from the previous reaction to make ATP

Front 46

Oxidative phosphorylation

Back 46

Electrons are transfered from NADH to electron carriers

Front 47

Aerobic respiration

Back 47

Final acceptor is O2, results in H2O production

Front 48

Anaerobic respiration

Back 48

Only uses part of the Krebs cycle, no O2

Front 49

Fermentation 5 requirements

Back 49

1. Releases energy from sugars

2. Does not require oxygen

3. Does not use TCA or ETC

4. Organic molecule is the terminal acceptor

5. Produces small amount of ATP

Front 50

Fermentation 2 steps

Back 50

1. Gylcolysis yields 2 pyruvic acid, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

2. Pyruvic acid is converted to an end product, NADH becomes NAD to be used in gylcolysis again

Front 51

Lipid biosynthesis

Back 51

Glycerol derived from gylcolysis intermediates, Fatty acids from acetyl coA

Front 52

Nucleic acid biosynthesis

Back 52

From pentose phosphate pathway

Front 53

Amino acid biosynthesis

Back 53

Take intermediates out of gylcolysis to make amino acids

Front 54

Polysaccharide biosynthesis

Back 54

Storage of glucose as glycogen

Front 55

Dark reactions

Back 55

NADH electrons and ATP reduce CO2 into sugar and O2 in stroma

Front 56

Light reactions

Back 56

Energy from the sun converts NAD+ to NADH inside thylakoids

Front 57

Carbon fixation

Back 57

CO2 +H2O +LIGHT = glucose + O2

Front 58

Protein synthesis

Back 58

Breaks into reusable amino acids for gylcolysis and TCA cycle

Front 59

Lipid catabolism

Back 59

Uses lipase to break a lipid for energy

Front 60

Pentose phosphate pathway

Back 60

Metabolism of 5 carbon sugars to glu-6-phos for glycolysis

Front 61

Net of 1 glucose

Back 61

4 ATP

10 NADH

2 FADH

38 ATP

Front 62

Krebs cycle products

Back 62

2 ATP

6 NADH

2 FADH2

Front 63

Carb catabolism has what steps

Back 63

Gylcolysis, Krebs cycle, ETC

Front 64

Gylcolysis

Back 64

Oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid that makes NADH and ATP

Front 65

End products of gylcolysis

Back 65

2 ATP

2 pyruvic acid

2 NADH

Front 66

Acetyl coA is used by

Back 66

Aerobes

Front 67

Ways of producing organic acid for energy production

Back 67

Deamination, decarboxylation, desulfurization